PIPERS OF THE BLACK WATCH (ROYAL HIGHLANDERS)

Oldest of Highland regiments, the 42nd Royal Highlanders, The Black Watch, owes its origin to no outbreak of war, civil or foreign, but to a combination of several “independent” companies which did duty in the Highlands in the second half of the seventeenth century against “thieves and broken men.” The frecbooting habits of certain lawless clansmen had become so serious a social menace that in 1667 Charles II. granted a commission under the Great Seal to the second Earl of Atholl to raise a company for the express purpose of putting an end to their predatory practices. Other companies were formed in different parts of the Highlands by various chiefs, and in 1739 they were all consolidated into the regiment known in subsequent years as the 42nd Royal Highlanders, The Black Watch. Thus the honour of forming the first of the companies which grew into the famous regiment belongs to the House of Atholl, the men of that company being Atholl Highlanders and the pipers men of the same clan.

It is curious that on the Roll of the Atholl Company the names of the pipers are not given, while in several other companies they appear along with the names of the officers. Among the pipers named are a Patrick M'Grigor and a Donald M'Crimmon, whose daily pay of ten shillings Scots was exactly half the pay of an ensign and more than thrice the three shillings paid to a private or sentinel. The number of pipers in a company was usually in the ratio of one to every fifty men.

Besides the freebooters, Jacobites and other disaffected subjects came under the surveillance of the new-formed companies which, it is not surprising to learn, proved inadequate for the tasks imposed, and had to be reinforced by companies of the Foot (now Scots) Guards whose bright red coats, white breeches, and white belts were a striking foil to the black-belted, tartan-garbed Highland Watch. From that contrast sprang the name first given by the Highland public — the name which the regiment prizes above all others — “Am Freiceadan Dubh,” “The Black Watch,” in contradistinction to the “Saighdearan Dearg” or “Red Soldiers.”

After several vicissitudes the companies had been disbanded in 1717, but, reformed in 1725, were incorporated in 1739 into the regiment commanded by the Earl of Crawford and Lindsay; and one year later, were assembled in the field between Taybridge and Aberfeldy, now marked by a monument commemorative of the event. In the companies of that regiment were many Campbells, Grants, Macphersons, and Frasers, whose pipers sounded the “Assembly" tunes of their respective clans. The regiment was, after inspection, dismissed to their former duties, and in 1743 were again mustered at Perth and informed that they were to proceed to London for review by George II, who, it was reported, had been much impressed by what he had been told of the social standing and magnificent physical appearance of the rank and file. It was a momentous occasion in the light of later events; Lord Sempill, who had succeeded the Earl of Crawford as colonel, knew that the “Watch” was a home defence regiment or police, and that the order to proceed to London was not for the purpose of being admired by His Majesty, but for official inspection prior to embarkation for foreign service; the men, probably aware that the king had specially sent for three privates to show how broadsword exercise was done, were flattered by the royal interest taken in their regiment. These feelings were soon changed after arrival in London where, instead of His Majesty, they found they were reviewed by General Wade, and, from various unofficial sources, learned that they were bound for the American plantations, where they would serve, not as a regiment, but scattered in various English units.

The Highlanders had reason to resent their shabby treatment. Though they considered themselves a Home regiment, immune from foreign service, they would not have demurred to active service against a European foe, provided they were together, as one unit. But to be scattered among English regiments in obscure islands of the West Indies was repugnant. Smarting under this strong sense of injustice and suspicious of their officers who had not paid them, 107 of the regiment decided to march back to Scotland. The leaders of that movement were Cpls. Samuel and Malcolm Macpherson, Private Farquhar Shaw, and Piper Donald MacDonald. It was a stealthy march which the 107 undertook, through country which thev did not know and where the pipes dared not be heard, and not until they had entered Northamptonshire were they intercepted by a body of cavalry which had been ordered to capture them.

Imprisoned in the Tower of London the ringleaders were kept apart from the rest until the close of the Court-Martial: their fate was a foregone conclusion—they were condemned to be shot; while the others were flogged and sent out in detachments to several regiments in the West Indies. Only one of the ring-leaders had his sentence commuted — and he was the piper. At the earnest intercession of Captain Robert Munro his life was spared, but he had to join the draft of thirty-seven of his comrades who were embarked for the Leeward Islands as part of Lieut.-General Dalziel’s regiment.

The tragedy of 1713 might have been avoided had the men been properly treated at the outset; as it was, the consequences of the Mutiny were not confined to the actual sufferers but to many Highlanders at home who took their stand for Prince Charles mainly because of this regrettable “incident.”

Piper Donald MacDonald, who disappears from the subsequent history of the Black Watch, has his niche in the temple of fame, and survives in the drawing of a contemporary artist, and in the print published in H. D. MacWilliam's Official Records of the Mutiny of the Black Watch. The

authorities did one notable service in transferring Lord Sempill, the colonel of 1743, to another regiment, and getting in his place one of the best officers that the regiment ever had, Lord John Murray, a son of the Duke of Atholl, who was to lead it in many of its glorious actions for forty-two years. Their first battle was Fontenoy, where the dash and gallantry of all ranks was the talk of the officers of other regiments there and the “theme and admiration of all Britain.” The pipers were in action but no mention is made of them, not even by “Edie Ochiltree” and “Francie M'Graw,” those veterans of the 42nd at Fontenoy.

The regiment returned to England and was kept in Kent while other regiments were hurried north to take part in the actions at Prestonpans and Culloden. Some desultory fighting in the Netherlands, succeeded by a period spent in garrison in Ireland, filled up the time of the 42nd till it was sent to North America where, in the war against France, it was to experience its greatest hardships. There in the battle at Fort Ticonderoga, where the bagpipes were heard above the din of firing, the 42nd Highlanders made repeated but unavailing attempts to beat down the fort, their desperate onslaughts costing the regiment no fewer than 647 casualties — 314 killed and 333 wounded! It was fortunate that the regiment had been shortly before then 1300 strong. The “laments” and the old pibroch of Clan days, “The Desperate Battle,” which the pipers played after the battle were heard by many of the Canadian contingent. Parkman, the historian of Canada, has described the “romantic beauty" of the scenery, the sheen and sparkle of the waters, the countless islets with pine, fir, and birch, and the bordering mountains where the notes of bugle, trumpet, bagpipe, and drum were answered and prolonged by a hundred woodland echoes! One of the pipers present was John M'Donald of the 42nd, who retired on pension sometime later and obtained the post of piper to Glengarry, where he assumed the dignity proper to a Chief’s piper. The considerable leisure which was his he kept as a sacred rest. “Why don't you do something in your spare time, John?” once inquired Lady Glengarry. “Ma’am,” answered the piper, “it’s a poor estate that cannot keep the laird and the piper without working.”

That piper doubtless recalled the terrible time at Ticonderoga (for their gallantry at which the 42nd received the honour of the prefix “Royal” to their name of Highlanders and two years later — 1760 — of their share in the capture of Montreal; it was the Fraser Highlanders’ pipers who were the turning point in the successful issue of the battle on the Heights of Abraham.

The transfer of the 42nd Royal Highland Regiment to the West Indies and thence to Cuba, where Spain was the enemy, appears to have been uneventful so far as the pipers were concerned. The regiment was then shifted to New York and from 1763 to 1767 was engaged in the trying warfare against Indian tribes, after which they were sent to Cork, where they remained until 1775, obtaining recruits by means of recruiting parties sent to Scotland. The regiment was next sent to its old battleground in North America, where their enemies were the colonists whom they had formerly assisted. The rank and file had then received a complete change of arms. Instead of the time-honoured claymore and pistol they were given musket and bayonet, except the pipers who continued to carry the claymore. The War of Independence cost the regiment two pipers who were killed, one of them while playing on the summit of a high hill overlooking New York being struck by a bullet which caused him to fall from crag to crag in his long descent to death. In 1779 a draft of recruits for ’42nd and the 71st, which had been sent from 5th. to Leith for embarkation, mutinied on learning that they were to be drafted to the 82nd Regiment. In the shooting which ensued a piper was shot in both legs, rendering him useless for the army. Descendants of that unfortunate piper are Pipe-Major George S. M'Lennan, late of the Gordon Highlanders, and his younger brother, Pipe-Major Donald M'Lennan, 1st Seaforth Highlanders.

In the recapture of the two British guns from French cavalry at Guildermalsen by some of the 42nd, the pipers cannot claim a direct share though all gloried in the honour meted out in the wearing of the “red hackle” for the bonnet that still marks the episode of 1795.

In times of peace the pipers were generally keen to try their skill with civilian and other regimental pipers. In 1800 Piper William Forbes succeeded in winning second prize for piping at the Highland Society’s competition in Edinburgh. In 1801, while he and the other pipers were animating the 42nd in the battle of Alexandria, the honour of the old regiment was being upheld in the competition of the Highland Society by worthy John M'Donald, the veteran of Ticonderoga, who was then almost 80 years old. He is said to have “attracted particular attention and received from the judges a suitable premium; he had been piper to the Glengarry family for some generations.” It seems a pity that the venerable pipe-major was unable to revisit the city in the following year when his old regiment was in garrison in the Castle. The pipe-major of that day was John Buchanan, an excellent piper who, from among thirty competitors, won first prize at the annual competition of the Highland Society. That was the last opportunity for many years which the pipers of the 42nd had of displaying their skill in competitions, for, in 1803, they were ordered to the south of England in anticipation of a threatened French invasion; thence to Gibraltar where they remained until 1808, when they were sent to Portugal, arriving shortly after the battle of Vimiera, attached to the army of Sir John Moore, the 42nd and the other regiments were insufficiently supported against the vastly larger army of France and had to retire along roads covered with snow, over mountains and through defiles for 250 miles, the pipers playing their best for the encouragement of the troops, harassed and weary. Then at the close of that trying march with its rearguard actions, was fought the battle of Elvina, where the 42nd and the 4th and 50th Foot bore the brunt of the day, and where was killed Sir John Moore. Corunna followed, the pipers playing alongside their companies. Shipped for England and thence to the Walcheren expedition, the regiment was represented in the Peninsula by its 2nd Battalion which took part in the battles of Busaco, Fuentes d’Onor, and the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, until 1812, when the 42nd proper arrived. Just before the battle of Salamanca the regiment had the surprise of their lives in the capture of a French piper! What the 42nd pipers thought of the musette cannot have been exactly complimentary and they seem not to have deprived the foreign piper of his instrument.

The honours which the regiment won for the actions in the Peninsula — Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes and Toulouse — were also the honours of the pipers. Still greater distinction was to be theirs in 1815 when they accompanied the 42nd to Quatre Bras and Waterloo in the brigade commanded by Sir Denis Pack. The gallantry of the pipers there had not failed to meet the eye of the brigadier, who showed his appreciation by presenting to the regiment a set of pipes, which successive pipe-majors of the 42nd played for the following thirty years at least.

Alexander M‘Tavish [In Angus M‘Kay's Collection he is styled Duucan M‘Tavish.], who had been pipe-major at Quatre Bras and Waterloo, may have been as good a player as his predecessor, Buchanan, but he was less fortunate in the competition of 1817 held by the Highland Society. The regiment was then back in Scotland and M‘Tavish, who had lost no time in entering, was placed third. In 1819 he did better, getting second place, and two years later was voted tne extra prize, an elegant mounted dirk.”

The foreign service which occupied the time of the 42nd from 1825 to 1836 was spent in Gibraltar, Malta, and the Ionian Islands. A few years in garrison in Dublin and the 42nd were again in the Ionian Islands; in Malta and the Bermudas, whence they were sent to Nova Scotia, which they left in 1852 for home. In their next great campaign, the Crimean War, the 42nd were brigaded with the 79th and 93rd. The most notable episode there was the advance, in echelon formation, up the slopes of Alma, the massed pipers of the three regiments marching in silence like the rest. That impressive picture of the tall, feather-bonneted Highlanders and the Guards in their high bearskins, emerging and halting at the summit, appearing to the opposing Russian troops like an army of giants, struck the imagination of one piper — Pipe-Major William Ross of the 42nd — who interpreted the emotions of Highland soldiers in a march which he named the “Heights of Alma.” Ross had the good fortune to be appointed in 1854 piper to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, a post he retained till his death in 1891.

In 1858 the 42nd were in the Indian Mutiny where, in the charge on the first position in the Siege of Lucknow, the pipers rushed on with their companies, the rout of the enemy being announced by the pipers' playing: "The Campbells are Cornin’.”

The pipers could not complain of inactivity any more than the rest of the regiment, for in December 1873 they were sent to Ashanti, where King Koffee Kalcali and his stalwarts had been attacking British settlements.

Landing on the Gold Coast the 42nd had to traverse large tracts of country, where dense trees and bushes made excellent cover for the spear throwing enemy and impeded the progress of our men.

That expedition—with the battles of Amoaful, Becqueh, Ordasu and Coomassie — seems relatively unimportant in the light of the Great War, yet it made a deep and wide impression on the public of that time. The chief newspaper of the United States had sent H. M. Stanley as one of its war correspondents to report its progress, and the troops whom Stanley chose particularly to observe were the Black Watch — the name which the regiment had retaken in 1861. The long, tortuous passage through the jungle where men fell from time to time, the loss of others in the bush — including Piper Honyman, who, however, found his way back — was all described by the American reporter. Stanley admired the Black Watch, was thrilled as he stood and watched them “as they marched past the ambuscades, the bagpipes playing, the cheers rising from the throats of the lusty Scots, until the forest rang again with the discordant medley of musketry, bagpipe music, and vocal sounds.” That long, trying march through the jungle was the most memorable part of the campaign and the only part that found expression in a pipe melody. In the “March to Coomassie” the pipe-major, John M'Donald, depicted the sentiments of the pipers on the eerie journey. The fighting which followed must have seemed of less moment for there is no pipe tune to commemorate any of the actions. Yet they were prominent in all these actions, playing the charging tunes, by order of General Sir Archibald Alison, an order which Piper James Wetherspoon disobeyed to some purpose. For, a corporal who was standing beside Wetherspoon falling wounded, the piper dropped his pipes, seized his comrade’s rifle and made so excellent a use of it that his valour was later the subject of much praise. He, too, fell wounded but not seriously; and on recovery was considerably surprised to find that he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal.

In 1881, under the New Army scheme the 73rd (Perthshire) were made the 2nd Battalion, an ideal partnership, for the 73rd had been raised in 1780 as 2nd Battn. of the 42nd, severing its connection in 1780 when the 2nd Battalion was constituted the 73rd. It had made its reputation as early as 1784 by its defence of Mangalore — one of the “noblest examples in history” — in the nine months’ siege of which one piper had been killed and one wounded. The most notable piper of the 73rd in the early days of the nineteenth century was Hugh M‘Kay, a notable composer as well as an intrepid soldier-piper. One of the sergeants of the 73rd who published his Recollections of the Campaigns of 1813-15 told how, “during our forced marches through Germany the most serviceable man we had was our old piper Hugh M‘Kay, who, when the men were tired and straggling, would fall back to the rear, and, striking up some lively air, would soon have them about him like a cluster of bees.”

That testimony of an English sergeant — and most of the 73rd were English in the early years of the nineteenth century — is interesting so far as it goes, but there was no chronicler to succeed Sergeant Morris in any of the subsequent campaigns — in the Kaffir Wars, the Indian Mutiny, in China, and again in India. As 2nd Battn. The Black Watch the pipers were not so likely to be overlooked as they had been, when the majority of the officers and men were English or Irish. In India, the 73rd was the best qualified of regiments to be partner of the 42nd, who were shortly afterwards sent to the Egyptian War of 1882-5. There the pipers, still under Pipe-Major John M'Donald of Coomassie fame, played the charging tunes at Tel-el-Kebir, El Tob, and Tamai. The wearers of the medal with the blue-and-white barred ribbon and its companion bronze star with blue ribbon, given by the Khedive, are comparatively few nowadays, and there were not many of the rank and file who wore them in the succeeding campaign, namely, the South African War, 1899-1902, where the 2nd Black Watch shared with the other units of the Highland Brigade some of the hardest fighting in the war. In addition to the notices of pipers playing at Elandslaagte, Magersfontein, and other engagements, there is one picturesque incident, not so well known, which has a piper of the Black Watch as its leading character. The Modder River, then in spate and pronounced unfordable, had to be crossed in order that our men might get to close quarters with the enemy, who were sniping under cover. Without hesitation piper Donald Cameron jumped in, found that the water reached only to his waist, upon which discovery the officer in charge gave the order for the men to cross the river in tens, each man holding his neighbour’s hand. Thus the smaller soldiers were enabled to keep their feet and all got across safely, Piper Cameron being first.

This episode has its romantic parallel in the French wars of almost two centuries ago, when the company of exiled Jacobite officers — all Scots — served as privates in the army of France. They were on their way to storm a stronghold of the Germans on an island of the Rhine.

The ford is deep, the banks are steep,
The island shore lies wide;
Nor man nor horse could stem its force,
Or reach its farther side.
See there! amidst the willow boughs
The serried bayonets gleam.

No stay—no pause. With one accord
Thev grasped each other’s hand
And plunged into the angry flood,
That bold and dauntless band.

Piper Donald Cameron, who probably had never heard of “The Island of the Scots,” had his valour appreciated by the officers, who, in addition to mentioning him and Piper George Bums in dispatches, were the means of obtaining for Cameron the D.C.M.

It may not be out of place to record that the gallant piper, who retired from the army on the conclusion of hostilities and settled in South Africa, rejoined on the outbreak of the Great War as pipe-major of the South-African Scottish, but, finding that the pipers were not in the forefront, resigned his post for a place in the ranks and rose to be company sergeant-major.

In the Great War the 1st Battn. of the Black Watch were in the Retreat from Mons and in the engagerne»ts that followed. Of the six pipers who played the battalion in those actions three were wounded, a fourth was transferred to another battalion; while to make good this depletion four pipers were sent to the battalion, of whom, however, only one escaped casualty.

The fierce fighting at A ubers Ridge, 9th May 1915, found the pipers coolly playing amidst all the rain of shot and shell, a waste of energy — since the strains of “Hielan’ Laddie” were inaudible — but memorable as witness to the intrepidity of the pipers of the Black Watch in battle.

The pipers of the 2nd Battalion who played their companies during the War in France and Flanders — October 1914 to November 1915 and during the Mespot. and Palestine campaigns — were remarkable for the large number of marksmen they contributed to the battalion’s credit, and of these no fewer than five were “best shot” of their respective companies. The “Admirable Crichton” of the battalion was Piper Peter M*Nee, a very handsome man who, besides being a splendid “shot,” was an excellent bomber. When placed on trench mortar work he was equally distinguished. “Let me have M*Nee and the "goods," remarked a certain stalwart Irish officer, “and I’ll keep back a whole Army Corps!” Alas! the brave M‘Nee, after valiantly assisting to repel one of these attacks, was killed at bis post.

Piper Wilson was a daring and successful scout, gaining the D.C.M., an award that was also bestowed on Pipe-Major Keith “for conspicuous gallantry under most trying circumstances.”

Four pipers won fame by playing their pipes in action at Loos. Alec M'Donald and David Simpson were determined to keep by their platoons, playing their music until the final trench was captured. They had reached and passed the first line trenches and the second line, and were about the parapet of the third, when Simpson fell mortally wounded and M'Donald was severely wounded. Their gallantry had deeply impressed the battalion, all of whom rejoiced to learn that Alec McDonald, whose leg had to be amputated, had been awarded the D.C.M. Poor McDonald, however, did not survive the war.

Armitt, another piper of the battalion, was also playing his platoon into action, but on reaching bombing range Armitt put down his pipes and took a hand in bombing the Germans back.

The most surprising piper was probably the boy piper, Wishart, who, like his friends, played his platoon into action, entirely rapt in his martial music, heedless of the deafening roar of artillery, machine-gun, and rifle fire, and regardless of wounds, until some shrapnel silenced his pipes for ever. Boy Wishart was much surprised when, lying in hospital, he learned that he was being publicly praised as a hero, and still more surprised when he received a command to appear before His Majesty. That is always a great honour for a soldier, a landmark in one’s military experience, and one surely unique among boy soldiers! Boy Wishart must have felt highly pleased with himself and with the world when he heard His Majesty tell him that he was “the bravest boy he had heard of.”

Of such excellent material are all good Anny pipers made!

The pipers of the New Army and Territorial battalions of the regiment were no whit behind their friends the pipers of Regular service; like them they were relieved of the duty of playing in action after Loos. Some served as stretcher-bearers, a duty in which the pipers of the 1/4th Battalion particularly distinguished themselves, earning the publicly expressed thanks of Generals Sir J. French, Willcox, and Anderson. Piper — later Pipe-Major - Dan M‘Leod was awarded the Military Medal for bravery in the field, and Pipe-Major Alec Low had his disregard of danger and his devotion to duty officially recognised in the award of a D.C.M.

Daring and ingenious were the pipers of the 7th Battalion, who, as runners, seemed to bear a charmed life in that exceedingly dangerous duty, their worst spell being probably that at Beaumont Hamel, where several fell while bearing orders from Headquarters to the battalion, and in consequence of which much muddle was caused. Several pipers were recommended for commissions, one transferred to the Tank Corps, another who as a marksman, was accepted by the Lovat Scouts as a sniper, and three — Pipe-Major Thomas Macdonald. George Galloway, and David Swan were awarded each the Military Medal.

Captain Edouard Ross, a Scoto - French interpreter who was present in the advance in August 1918, on the Albert-Arras Road, described in The Scotsman how the Germans who occupied the heights endeavoured to check the oncoming British Force. The Black Watch were determined to clear them out and one company had advanced to within 120 yards of the Germans when a murderous fire was opened. Though every one of that company was wounded they managed to win a trench, but they were far from the rest of their battalion and the smoke of the guns prevented the other companies from locating their position. The piper who was in that trench, however, knew how to direct them. Standing up he played one of the regimental tunes with the desired effect: the companies charged in the face of the terrific gunfire and captured the position, while the retreating Germans were cut off by the Gordons on their right.

The pipers of the Black Watch on the Eastern Front were looked upon by their officers in much the same light as the old-time clan piper was looked upon by his chief; he occupied a high place in the hierarchy of heroes. The official historians of the regiment make the point quite clear by frequent reference. “To men of the Highland Battalion“ — an allusion to a temporary union of Black Watch and Seaforths — these officers write, “there was no sound like the sound of the pipes. Men of both battalions might well recall how they had charged forward in France and in Mesopotamia, the pipers leading the way — and no body of men had shown greater gallantry or inspired others with their spirit more than the regimental pipers. Yet, even in war, the days of battle are few and the days of trial many; and often at Reveille and Retreat, on the march and in camp, did the sound of the massed pipers stir the memories and strengthen the spirit that inspired the men of the Highland Battalion to face all and every danger that lay before it” (Wauchope, The Black Watch, vol. i., p. 232). Elsewhere the authors remark: “On the many long marches the music of the pipes gave fresh life to weary columns . . .” and, “in many battles men have followed where the pipers led, and great were the services, though heavy the toll on the pipers playing the way along the smoke-hidden trenches in France and putting fresh life into the men during the hard-fought battles near Kut and Baghdad. . ."

They pay tribute to Pipe-Major J. Keith who was awarded the D.C.M., and to Piper, later Pipe-Major MacLeod, but the officers were particularly proud of their pipe-corporal, D. MacMaster, one of the oldest soldiers in the 2nd Battalion. MacMaster was out with a patrol party on the Palestine Front in 1917 when they wrere attacked and the captain was wounded. The old pipe-corporal then took charge of the party, and though they were again attacked he managed to bring it back to battalion lines. The officer-in-command was delighted and extolled the “coolness and determination of the pipe-corporal which was ably seconded by the remainder of the company.” When decorations were later conferred the old pipe-corporal was awarded the Panama Medal.

For many years the soldiers of India have looked upon the members of Highland regiments as allies, friends, “big brothers,” fraternising with them and excluding all other kinds of regiments. The Gurkhas and Pathans and Sikhs esteemed in particular the bagpipe, so much so that they too obtained their own bagpipes, and, having learned from the pipe-majors of the different Highland units stationed among them the commoner tunes, “took on” all the mannerisms of their kind instructors.

It was thus a pleasing order of the authorities which placed the l/8th Battalion of the Gurkha Regiment beside the Black Watch in Mesopotamia. The old-time interchange of courtesies knew no change in their close co-operation during the Great War; and when the day arrived for the Black Watch men and the Gurkhas to bid each other farewell they took leave like the Greek heroes of old by an exchange of gifts. To the Black Watch the Gurkhas presented a pair of kukris, while the Scots in return gave — what the Gurkha takes delight in — a set of bagpipes, mementoes of the War and of two distinguished regiments.

(For the above report of the Gurkhas and the Black Watch I am indebted to the splendid narrative of the Official History of the Black Watch, edited by A. G. Wauchope.)