BRAZILIAN AND PORTUGUESE FACTIONS--DON
PEDEO ORDERED TO QUIT BRAZIL--APPOINTED "PERPETUAL
PROTECTOR"--PROCLAIMED EMPEROR OF BRAZIL--EFFORTS TO OBTAIN
FOREIGN OFFICERS AND SEAMEN--THE NAVAL COMMAND OFFERED TO
ME--ACCEPTATION THEREOF--ARRIVAL AT RIO DE JANEIRO--VISIT OF
INSPECTION TO THE SQUADRON--CONDITION OF THE
VESSELS--INFERIORITY OF SEAMEN--IMPERIAL AFFABILITY--ATTEMPT
TO EVADE THE TERMS OFFERED ME--THIS FAILING, TO REDUCE THE
VALUE OF MY PAY--PRETENDED COMMISSION CONFERRED--AND
REFUSED--THE POINT ARGUED--I DECLINE THE COMMAND--THE PRIME
MINISTER GIVES IN--EXPLANATORY FORTARIA--FORMAL
COMMISSION--ORDERS TO BLOCKADE BAHIA--PORTUGUESE
FACTION--AVERSE TO ME FROM THE OUTSET.
Although these memoirs relate to
personal services in Brazil, it is
nevertheless essential, in order to
their comprehension, briefly to
recapitulate a few events which more
immediately led to my connection
with the cause of independence in that
country.
The expulsion of the Portuguese Royal
Family from Lisbon, in consequence
of the occupation of Portugal by the
armies of the French Republic, was
followed by the accession of Don John
VI. to the throne of Portugal
whilst resident in Rio de Janeiro.
Twelve months
previous to my arrival in Brazil, His Majesty returned to
Portugal, leaving his son and
heir-apparent, Don Pedro, regent of the
Portuguese possessions in South
America, which had been for some time in
a state of disaffection, arising from
a growing desire throughout the
various provinces for a distinct
nationality. Hence two opposing
interests had arisen,--a Brazilian
party, which had for its object
national independence; and a
Portuguese party, whose aim was to prevent
separation from the mother
country--or, if this could not be
accomplished, so to paralyse the
efforts of the Brazilians, that in case
of revolt it might not be difficult
for Portugal to keep in subjection,
at least the Northern portion of her
South American Colonies. It will be
necessary, in the course of the
narrative, to bear these party
distinctions clearly in mind.
As the Regent, Don
Pedro, was supposed to evince a leaning to the
Brazilian party, he gave proportionate
offence to the Portuguese
faction, which--though inferior in
number, was, from its wealth and
position, superior in influence; hence
the Regent found himself involved
in disputes with the latter, which in
June 1821 compelled him to submit
to some humiliations.
Shortly previous
to this, the Cortes at Lisbon--aware of what was going
on in Brazil, and disregarding the
temperate views of the King--issued a
declaration inviting the Brazilian
municipalities to repudiate the
Regent's authority at Rio de Janeiro,
and to adhere to the immediate
administration of the Cortes
alone--thus indicating a course to be
pursued by the Portuguese faction in
Brazil. The result was--as had been
anticipated--disunion amongst the
people, consequent on the formation of
petty provincial governments; each
refusing to pay revenue to the
central Government at Rio de Janeiro,
for the alleged reason that the
Regent was only waiting an opportunity
to invest himself with absolute
power. This opinion was eagerly
adopted by the commercial
class--consisting almost exclusively
of native Portuguese--in the hope
that the Cortes would reinvest them
with their ancient trade privileges
and monopolies, to the exclusion of
foreigners, whom they considered as
interlopers--the English especially,
who, protected by a treaty of
commerce, were fast undermining the
former monopolists. Amidst these
difficulties Don Pedro, though
nominally Regent of Brazil, found
himself, in reality, little more than
Governor of Rio de Janeiro.
In July 1821, the
Lisbon Cortes passed a decree, that thenceforth the
Brazilian and Portuguese armies should
form one body; the object being
to ship the Brazilian troops to
Portugal, and to send Portuguese troops
to Brazil, thereby ensuring its
subjection. The Regent was, moreover,
ordered to return to Portugal.
These rash steps
greatly irritated the native Brazilians, who saw in
them a subversion of all their hopes
of nationality. With scarcely less
rashness, they issued proclamations
declaring Brazil independent, with
Don Pedro as Emperor; but he
repudiated the act, and prepared to quit
Brazil in obedience to orders.
The approaching
departure of the Regent caused a general ferment, when a
popular leader arose in the person of
Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva,
vice-president of the provisional
Junta at San Paulo. Summoning his
colleagues at midnight, they signed an
address to the Regent--to the
effect that his departure would be the
signal for a declaration of
independence--daring the Cortes at
Lisbon to promulgate laws for the
dismemberment of Brazil into
insignificant provinces, possessing no
common centre of union; above all,
daring them to dispossess Don Pedro
of the authority of Regent conferred
by his august father. This address
was conveyed to the Prince by
Bonifacio himself, and was shortly
afterwards followed by others of a
similar nature from the Southern
provinces, and from the municipality
of Rio de Janeiro--all begging him
to remain and avert the consequences
of the late decrees of the Cortes.
On more deliberate reflection Don
Pedro consented, and was shortly
afterwards invested with the title of
"Perpetual Protector and Defender
of Brazil."
Meanwhile the
Cortes, confident in their own power, were enforcing their
obnoxious decrees by the despatch of
ships of war and troops to the
Northern provinces. As the intention
of this step was unmistakeable, His
Royal Highness the Protector promptly
issued a manifesto, declaring the
wish of Brazil to maintain an amicable
union with Portugal, but at the
same time calling on the Brazilians to
secure their independence by
force, if necessary. In furtherance of
this determination, an attack was
made by the Brazilian troops upon
General Madeira, the Portuguese
commandant at Bahia, but from want of
proper military organization, it
proved unsuccessful.
Despatches now
arrived from Portugal, which cut off every hope of
reconciliation, and on the 12th of
October, Don Pedro was induced to
accept the title of "Constitutional
Emperor of Brazil," with Bonifacio
de Andrada as his Minister of the
Interior, of Justice, and of Foreign
Affairs.
The Southern
provinces gave in their adhesion to the Emperor, but all
the Northern provinces--including
Bahia, Maranham, and Para--were still
held by Portuguese troops; a numerous
and well appointed squadron
commanding the seaboard, and
effectually preventing the despatch of
Brazilian forces to those localities
by water; whilst by land there were
neither roads, nor other facilities of
communication with the Northern
patriots, who were thus isolated from
effectual aid, could such have
been rendered from Rio de Janeiro.
His Imperial
Majesty saw that, without a fleet, the dismemberment of the
Empire--as regarded the Northern
provinces--was inevitable; and the
energy of his minister Bonifacio in
preparing a squadron, was as
praiseworthy as had been the Emperor's
sagacity in determining upon its
creation. A voluntary subscription was
enthusiastically entered into;
artisans flocked into the dockyard;
the only ship of the line in the
harbour required to be nearly rebuilt;
but to man that and other
available vessels with native seamen
was impossible--the policy of the
mother country having been to carry on
even the coasting trade
exclusively by Portuguese, who could
not now be relied on by Brazil, in
the approaching contest with their own
countrymen.
Orders were consequently sent to the
Brazilian charge d'affaires in
London, to engage officers and seamen
there; and to stimulate these, a
decree was, on the 11th of December,
1822, issued by His Imperial
Majesty, to sequestrate Portuguese
property throughout the Empire, and
also another, that all prizes taken in
the war should become the
property of the captors, which decrees
must be borne in mind.
His Imperial
Majesty, having ascertained that the War of Independence in
the Pacific had been brought to a
successful conclusion by the squadron
under my command, ordered his
minister, Bonifacio, to communicate with
me, through the Brazilian Consul at
Buenos Ayres; judging that, from the
termination of hostilities in the
Pacific, I might be at liberty to
organize a naval force in Brazil,
which--if properly conducted--might
successfully cope with the Portuguese
fleet protecting the Northern
harbours of the Empire.
Accordingly,
whilst residing on my estate at Quintera, in Chili, I
received from Antonio Manuel Correa,
the Brazilian Consul at Buenos
Ayres, a letter on the part of His
Imperial Majesty, inviting me to
accept service under the Brazilian
flag, guaranteeing moreover rank and
position in no way inferior to that
which I then held under the Republic
of Chili; the Consul exhorting me, in
addition, "to throw myself upon
the munificence of the Emperor, and
the undoubted probity of His
Majesty's Government, which would do
me justice." The following is one
of the letters of invitation:--
Le Conseiller
Agent du Bresil, pres le Gouvernement de Buenos Ayres
a l'Amiral Lord Cochrane,
Commandant-en-Chef les forces navales de
la Republique du Chili.
MILORD,
Le Bresil,
puissance du premier ordre devint un nouvel empire, une
nation independente sous le legitime
heritier de la monarchie,
Pierre le Grand, son auguste defenseur.
C'est par son
ordre--c'est de sa part, et en vertu des depeches
ministeriales, que je viens de
recevoir de Monseigneur Joseph
Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva, Ministre
de l'Interieur et des
Relations Exterieures du Bresil, en
date du 13 Septembre
dernier--que j'ai l'honneur de vous
adresser cette note; en laquelle
votre Grace est invitee, pour--et de
part le Gouvernement du
Bresil--a accepter le service de la
nation Bresilienne; chez qui je
suis dument autorise a vous assurer le
rang et le grade nullement
inferieur a celui que vous tenez de la
Republique.
Abandonnez vous, Milord, a la
reconnaisance Bresilienne; a la
munificence du Prince; a la probite
sans tache de l'actuel
Gouvernement; on vous fera justice; on
ne rabaissera d'un seul point
la haute consideration--Rang--grade--caractere--et
avantages qui
vous sont dus.
(Signe) ANTONIO
MANUEL CORREA DA CAMARA, Consul de l'Empire du
Bresil, a Buenos Ayres, 4 Novembre,
1822.
Annoyed by the ingratitude with which
my services were requited in
Chili, and disliking the inaction
consequent on the capture of Valdivia,
followed by the annihilation of the
Spanish naval force at Callao, and
elsewhere in the Pacific--whereby
internal peace had been obtained for
Chili, and independence for Peru--I
felt gratified by the further terms
of invitation, contained in a second
letter--"Venez, milord, l'honneur
vous invite--la gloire vous appelle.
Venez--donner a nos armes navales
cet ordre merveilleux et discipline
incomparable de puissante Albion"
--and on mature consideration returned
the following reply:--
Valparaiso, Nov.
29, 1832.
Sir,
The war in the
Pacific having been happily terminated by the total
destruction of the Spanish naval
force, I am, of course, free for
the crusade of liberty in any other
quarter of the globe.
I confess,
however, that I had not hitherto directed my attention
to the Brazils; considering that the
struggle for the liberties of
Greece--the most oppressed of modern
states--afforded the fairest
opportunity for enterprise and
exertion.
I have to-day tendered my ultimate
resignation to the Government of
Chili, and am not at this moment aware
that any material delay will
be necessary, previous to my setting
off, by way of Cape Horn, for
Rio de Janeiro, calling at Buenos
Ayres, where I hope to have the
pleasure of meeting you, and where we
may talk further on this
subject; it being, in the meantime,
understood that I hold myself
free to decline--as well as entitled
to accept--the offer which
has, through you, been made to me by
His Imperial Majesty. I only
mention this from a desire to preserve
a consistence of character,
should the Government (which I by no
means anticipate) differ so
widely in its nature from those which
I have been in the habit of
supporting, as to render the proposed
situation repugnant to my
principles--and so justly expose me to
suspicion, and render me
unworthy the confidence of His Majesty
and the nation.
(Signed) COCHRANE.
To Don ANTONIO
MANUEL COEREA DA CAMARA, His Brazilian Majesty's
Consul at Buenos Ayres.
Having obtained
the unqualified consent of the Chilian Government--there
being now no enemy in the Pacific--- I
chartered a vessel for my own
conveyance, and that of several
valuable officers and seamen who,
preferring to serve under my command,
desired to accompany me. Knowing
that the Portuguese were making great
efforts to re-establish their
authority in Brazil, no time was lost
in quitting Chili.
We reached Rio de
Janeiro on the 13th of March, 1822, barely six months
after the declaration of Independence.
Despatching a letter to the Prime
Minister Bonifacio de Andrada--reporting
my arrival in conformity with
the invitation which His Imperial
Majesty had caused to be transmitted
to me through his Consul-General at
Buenos Ayres--I was honoured by the
Imperial command to attend His Majesty
at the house of his Minister,
where a complimentary reception
awaited me. The Emperor assured me that,
so far as the ships themselves were
concerned, the squadron was nearly
ready for sea; but that good officers
and seamen were wanting; adding,
that, if I thought proper to take the
command, he would give the
requisite directions to his Minister
of Marine.
On the following day, the Prime
Minister--after a profusion of
compliments on my professional
reputation, and an entire concurrence
with the invitation forwarded to me by
the Consul at Buenos Ayres--which
invitation he stated to have arisen
from his own influence with the
Emperor--desired me to communicate
personally with him, upon all matters
of importance, the Minister of Marine
being merely appointed to transact
subordinate business. As nothing more
positive was said in relation to
my appointment, it struck me that this
also might be included amongst
the subordinate duties of the Minister
of Marine, to whose house I
repaired; but he could say nothing on
the subject, as nothing specific
had been laid before him. Being
desirous to come to a proper
understanding, I wrote to the Prime
Minister, that the officers who had
accompanied me from Chili would expect
the same rank, pay, and
emoluments as they had there enjoyed;
that, as regarded myself, I was
prepared to accept the terms offered
by His Imperial Majesty, through
the Consul at Buenos Ayres, viz. the
same position, pay, and emoluments
as had been accorded to me by the
Chilian Government; and that although
I felt myself entitled to the
customary remuneration in all
well-regulated states for
extraordinary, as well as ordinary, services,
yet I was more anxious to learn the
footing on which the naval service
was to be put, than the nature of any
stipulations regarding myself.
On the following
day His Imperial Majesty invited me at an early hour to
the palace, in order to accompany him
on a visit to the ships of war,
with some of which I was much pleased,
as demonstrative of the exertions
which must have been made within a
short time to get them into such
creditable condition. Great care had
evidently been bestowed upon the
Pedro Primiero, rated as a 74--though
in the English service she would
have been termed a 64. She was
evidently a good sailer, and was ready
for sea, with four months provisions
on board, which scarcely half
filled her hold, such was her capacity
for stowage; I had therefore
reason to be satisfied with my
intended flagship.
Another showy
vessel was the Maria da Gloria--a North American
clipper; a class of vessels in those
days little calculated to do
substantial service, being built of
unseasoned wood, and badly fastened.
Though mounting 32 guns, she was a
ship of little force, having only
24-pounder carronades, mixed with
short 18-pounder guns. As a redeeming
feature, she was commanded by a
Frenchman, Captain Beaurepaire, who had
contrived to rally round him some of
his own countrymen, mingled with
native Brazilians--in which he
displayed considerable tact to free
himself from the unpromising groups
elsewhere to be selected from.
The history of
this vessel was not a little curious: she had been built
in North America at the expense of the
Chilian Government, and sent to
Buenos Ayres, where an additional
40,000 dollars was demanded by her
owners. Payment of this was demurred
to, when, without the slightest
consideration for the expense incurred
by Chili in her building and
equipment, her captain suddenly got
under weigh, and proceeding to Rio
de Janeiro, sold her to the Brazilian
Government.
I was further much pleased with the
Piranga, a noble frigate mounting
long 24-pounders on the main deck. Not
to enter into any further
details, with regard to the ships, a
brief notice must be taken of the
men, who, with the exception of the
crew of the Maria da Gloria, were
of a very questionable
description,--consisting of the worst class of
Portuguese, with whom the Brazilian
portion of the men had an evident
disinclination to mingle. On inquiry,
I ascertained that their pay was
only eight milreas per month, whereas
in the merchant service, eighteen
milreas was the current rate for good
seamen,--whence it naturally
followed that the wooden walls of
Brazil were to be manned with the
refuse of the merchant service. The
worst kind of saving--false
economy--had evidently established
itself in the Brazilian Naval
Administration.
The captains
complained of the difficulties they had to contend with as
regarded the crews, particularly that
the marines were so much gentlemen
that they considered themselves
degraded by cleaning their own berths,
and had demanded and obtained
attendants to wait on them! whilst they
could only be punished for offences by
their own officers! or, to use
the words of one of the captains,
"They were very much their own
masters, and seemed inclined to be
his!" It was, indeed, evident to me
that neither seamen nor marines were
in any state of discipline.
Not having as yet
had experience of political party in the Empire, it
struck me as an anomaly that
Portuguese should be employed in such
numbers to fight their own countrymen,
though I afterwards became but
too well acquainted with the cause of
a proceeding at the time beyond my
comprehension. In the course of our
visit of inspection, the phrase
"attacking the Portuguese
parliamentary force," was frequently used by
the Emperor, and was no less singular,
as implying that the Brazilian
Government did not make war against
the King or country of Portugal,
but merely against the Cortes; the
distinction, as regarded the conduct
of hostilities, being without a
difference.
A curious circumstance occurred after
this visit of inspection. On
landing--hundreds of people of all
ages and colours, crowded round to
kiss His Majesty's hands--paternally
extended on both sides to rows of
devoted subjects, who, under no other
circumstances, could have come in
such familiar contact with royalty. To
this ceremony the Emperor
submitted with the greatest possible
good humour and affability, his
equanimity not even being ruined by
familiarities such as I had never
before seen taken with King or
Emperor.
On the 17th, a visit was paid to me by
the Minister of Marine, Luiz da
Cunha Moreira, relative to the terms
of my appointment, he being
evidently desirous that my services
should be obtained at as cheap a
rate as possible, notwithstanding the
concurrence of the Prime Minister
with the offers which had been made
through the Consul-General at Buenos
Ayres. The pay now offered was that of
an admiral in the Portuguese
service,--notoriously the worst paid
in the world. On enquiring what
this might be, I found it less than
half what I had received in Chill!
My pay there being 8000 dollars per
annum, with permission from the
Supreme Director to appropriate
another 4000 from the Government moiety
of captures made.
By way of reply, I
produced a letter from the Chilian Minister of
Marine, counter-signed by the Supreme
Director, acknowledging the
receipt of an offer subsequently made
to the Chilian Government
voluntarily to give up to public
exigencies a portion of my pay greater
than the amount now tendered--at the
same time telling the Minister,
that by accepting such an arrangement
I should lose more annually by
entering the Brazilian service than
the whole sum offered to me. Without
condescending to chaffer on such a
subject, I added that His Imperial
Majesty had invited me to Brazil on
specific promises, which, if my
services were required, must be
strictly fulfilled; if not, it would be
candid in him to say so, as it was not
the amount of pay for which I
contended; but the reflection, that if
the first stipulations of the
Brazilian Government were violated, no
future confidence could be placed
in its good faith. If the State were
poor, I had no objection,
conditionally, to surrender an equal
or even a greater proportion of pay
than I had tendered to the Chilian
Government; but that it was no part
of my intention to be placed on the
footing of a Portuguese admiral,
especially after the terms, which,
without application on my part, had
been voluntarily offered to induce me
to accept service in Brazil.
The Minister of
Marine seemed hurt at this, and said the State was not
poor, and that the terms originally
offered should be complied with, by
granting me the amount I had enjoyed
in Chili; a decision the more
speedily arrived at, from an
intimation on my part, of referring to the
Prime Minister, as requested in cases
of difficulty. This the Minister
of Marine begged me not to do, saying
that there was no occasion for it.
He next proposed
that, as my Brazilian pay was to be equivalent to that
which I received in Chili, it should
he numerically estimated in Spanish
dollars, at the rate of 800 reis per
dollar--though the Brazilian mint
was then actually restamping those
very dollars at the rate of 960 reis!
thus, by a manoeuvre, which reflected
little credit on a Minister,
lessening the pay agreed on by
one-fifth. To this proposition I replied
that there was no objection, provided
my services were also revalued--as
he seemed disposed to revalue his
dollar; so that, setting aside the
offers which had induced me to leave
Chili, I would make a new offer,
which should not only compensate for
the difference in dispute, but
leave a considerable surplus on my
side into the bargain. Alarmed at the
sarcasm, and perhaps judging from my
manner, that I cared little for a
service in which such petty expedients
formed an important element, he
at once gave up the false value which
he had attached to the dollar, and
agreed to estimate it at 960 reis--a
microscopic saving, truly!
As such a mode of
proceeding had been adopted towards me, it became
necessary on my part to look well
after the interests of the officers
who had accompanied me under the
assurance that their position in Brazil
should be at least equal to that which
they had held on the other side
of the continent. This was not more a
duty than a necessity, for I saw
that, unless supported by officers
upon whose talent and courage
reliance could be placed, it would be
out of my power individually to
accomplish any enterprise satisfactory
to myself or beneficial to
Brazil. I therefore required and
obtained the same stipulations with
regard to their respective rank and
pay as had, in my own case, been
insisted on. Of these, Admiral
Grenfell is the only survivor.
On the 19th, a
writing on a common sheet of letter paper was forwarded
to me by the Minister of Marine,
purporting to be a commission, with the
rank of admiral; stating, however,
inaccurately the amount of pay and
table money agreed upon, by
transposing the one for the other,--so that
the table money was figured as pay,
and the pay as table money; the
effect being, that when on shore, my
pay would have amounted to exactly
one half of the sum stipulated! This
proceeding could not be tolerated,
so on the following morning I returned
the commission to the Minister of
Marine, who hastened to assure me that
it was a mistake, which should be
rectified.
This pretended
commission was accompanied by the following order to take
command of the squadron:--
His Imperial
Majesty--through the secretary for naval
affairs--commands that the Admiral of
the Imperial and National
Marine--Lord Cochrane--shall take
command of the squadron at anchor
in this port, consisting of the ship
Pedro Primiero; the frigates
Unao, Nitherohy, and Carolina; the
corvettes Maria de Gloria
and Liberal; the brig Guarani, and the
schooners Real and
Leopoldina; hoisting his flag aboard
the line-of-battle ship: the
said Admiral having, at his choice,
the whole--or any of the said
vessels, for the purpose of the
expedition about to sail.
Palace of Rio de
Janeiro, March 19, 1823.
(Signed) LUIZ DA
CUNHA MOREIEA.
There was,
however, another point still less satisfactory. The
commission conferred upon me the rank
of Admiral, but of what grade was
not specified. On pressing the
Minister of Marine, he admitted that it
was only intended to give me the rank
of Junior Admiral,--there being
already two Admirals in the service,
whose functions would not, however,
interfere with me, as their duties
were confined to the ordinary
administration of a Board of
Admiralty. I at once told him that for me
to serve under such naval
administrators was out of the question. As the
Minister of Marine professed want of
sufficient power to warrant him in
altering the commission, I announced
my intention of taking it to the
Prime Minister, and respectfully
restoring it into his hands. The
Minister of Marine again begged me not
to do so, as an alteration might
be made, if I would consent to go at
once on board the Pedro
Primiero--on board which ship my flag
had been directed to be hoisted
at mid-day! This, it is needless to
add, was declined, not only by
myself, but by the officers who had
accompanied me from Chili.
The Minister of
Marine affected to be surprised at my want of confidence
in the Government, but I explained
that this was not the case. "It was
quite possible that a Congress might
at any time be convened which would
be less liberally inclined than the
present ministry, and that
acceptance of an appointment so
loosely made might afford the admirals
placed over me, not only a control
over my movements, but an easy and
convenient mode of getting rid of me
after I had done their work; and
this without any imputation of
injustice on their proceedings. The
fact, indeed, of a Cortes being about
to assemble, and the possibility
of their interfering with me, was
sufficient to fix my determination to
have nothing to do with the command,
under any circumstances, save those
set forth in the tender made to me by
command of His Majesty."
To this the
Minister replied, that, "if I could be thus dismissed, the
Government must likewise fall--because
to suppose that a popular
assembly could dictate to His Majesty
in such a case was to suppose the
Government no longer in existence."
I then frankly
told the Minister, that "my experience as a naval
officer--founded upon many years'
practical observation, had taught me
that, in engagements of this nature,
it was necessary to be clear and
explicit in every arrangement. I did
not mean to insinuate anything
disrespectful to the ministers of His
Brazilian Majesty, but knowing
that a Senate was about to assemble,
and having reason to believe that a
majority of the members might differ
from the ministerial views, and
might--when the work was done--take a
fancy to see the squadron
commanded by one of their own
countrymen--a step which would leave me no
alternative but to quit the
service--it was much better for all parties
to put our mutual engagements on a
firm basis."
The Minister continued to argue the
point, but finding argument of no
avail in altering my determination, he
insinuated--though not stating as
much in positive terms--that he had no
prospect of any arrangement
being effected regarding my rank other
than that which had been
tendered.
Determined to be
no longer trifled with--on the following morning I
waited on the Prime Minister,
Bonifacio de Andrada, whom I found in high
dudgeon at what he termed the
unreasonableness of my demands; stating,
moreover, that the Consul at Buenos
Ayres had exceeded his authority by
writing me a bombastic letter, though
but a few days before, Andrada not
only expressed his entire concurrence
in its contents, but stated that
the letter had been written through
his influence with the Emperor!
To this I replied
that, "be that as it might, it was absurd to suppose
that I should have given up my
position in Chili for anything less in
Brazil, and that all that had been
offered by the Consul, or desired by
me, was simply an equivalent to my
Chilian command, with adequate
reimbursement of any losses I might
sustain by quitting Chili so
abruptly, before the settlement of my
affairs with that country. This
offer had been made on behalf of His
Imperial Majesty, under the express
authority of the Prime Minister
himself, as set forth in the Consul's
letters, and for this I held the
Government responsible. But, at the
same time, I informed the Prime
Minister that if he were disinclined to
fulfil his own voluntary obligations,
I would at once free him from them
by declining the proffered command,
and therefore begged of him to take
back his commission, about which I
would hold no further parley."
This step was
evidently unexpected, for, lowering his tone, Bonifacio
assured me that "good faith was the
peculiar characteristic of the
Brazilian Administration;" and to
prove this, he had to announce to me
that a Cabinet Council had that
morning been held, at which it was
resolved that the newly created honour
of "First Admiral of Brazil"
should be conferred upon me, with the
pay and emoluments of Chili, as
stipulated through the Consul at
Buenos Ayres. He then asked me if I was
content, to which I replied in the
affirmative; pointing out, however,
how much better it would have been to
have taken this course at first,
than to have caused such contention
about a matter altogether
insignificant, as compared with the
work in hand. He replied that, as
everything had been conceded, it was
not worth while to reopen the
question; but to this view I demurred,
telling him that nothing
whatever had been conceded, the
Government having only fulfilled its own
stipulations, which were insignificant
in comparison with obtaining the
services of an officer whom it
believed competent to carry out alone,
what otherwise would entail great
expense on the State. I further
assured him that it would afford me
much satisfaction to prove to him of
how little importance was all that
which had been the subject of
dispute, and that His Imperial
Majesty's Government might rest assured
that my utmost exertions would be used
to bring the naval war to a
speedy termination.
He then requested
me to hoist my flag forthwith, as the Government was
very anxious on this point.
Accordingly, at four o'clock in the
afternoon of the 21st of March, 1823,
I went on board the Pedro
Primiero, and hoisted my flag, which
was saluted with twenty-one guns
from each ship of war, the salute
being acknowledged from the flagship
with an equal number.
Shortly
afterwards, a portaria, dated on the same day, was sent to
me,
explanatory of the commission which had given rise to so
much trouble,
and detailing my future pay as agreed
upon. By the same document I was
ordered to take command of the
squadron, and an intimation was given
that a formal commission as "First
Admiral" would forthwith be made out.
It was further
acknowledged that, by accepting the Brazilian command, I
had risked an admitted reward for
services rendered to Chili and Peru,
to the extent of more than sixty
thousand dollars--and it was agreed
that this amount should be repaid to
me in the event of those countries
not fulfilling their
obligations--provided equivalent services were
rendered to Brazil. For more than
thirty years Chili has withheld that
amount, but the Brazilian Government
has never fulfilled this portion of
its engagements.
Notwithstanding
the praiseworthy exertions of the administration to
place their navy in a creditable
position as regarded the ships, the
want of seamen was severely felt, and
little had been done beyond
shipping a number of Portuguese
sailors, whose fidelity to the Imperial
cause was doubtful.
In the hope of
getting a more reliable class of men for the flagship, I
authorised Captain Crosbie to offer
from my own purse, eight dollars
per man, in addition to the bounty
given by the Government, and by this
means procured some English and North
American seamen, who, together
with the men who accompanied me from
Chili, sufficed to form a tolerable
nucleus for a future crew; as to the
rest--though far short of the
ship's complement--it had never before
fallen to my lot to command a
crew so inefficient.
On the 26th of
March, the following commission from His Imperial Majesty
was presented to me:--
IMPERADOR,
The valour,
intelligence, activity, and other qualities of Lord
Cochrane as an admiral, being
well-known by the performance of
various services in which he has been
engaged, and seeing how
advantageous it would be for the
Empire to avail itself of the
known qualities of an Officer so
gifted, I deem it proper to confer
on him a patent as "First Admiral of
the National and Imperial
Navy," with an annual salary of eleven
contos and five hundred and
twenty milreis, whether at sea or on
shore; and further in table
money, when embarked, five contos,
seven hundred and twenty
milreis, which is the same pay and
table money as he received in
Chili. To which favour, no admiral of
the Imperial Navy shall claim
succession, neither to the post of
"First Admiral," which I have
thought fit to create solely for this
occasion, from the motives
aforesaid, and from particular
consideration of the merits of the
said Lord Cochrane. The supreme
Military Council will so
understand, and shall execute the
necessary despatches.
Given at the
Palace of Rio de Janeiro, March 21st, 1823.
Second year of the
Independence of the Empire.
(Signed)
IMPERADOR. LUIZ DA CUNHA MOREIEA,
Secretary of
State,
March 26th, 1823.
LEONARDO ANTONIO
BASTO.
Thus was a right understanding
established, my only object during the
undignified contentions which had
arisen, being--relinquishment of the
proffered command, in order to carry
out my long-entertained intention
of visiting Greece, then engaged in a
struggle for independence--or to
obtain a definite arrangement with the
Brazilian Government, which
should recognise the circumstances
under which I had been induced to
quit Chili--confer upon me permanent
rank--give me the equivalent
promised with regard to pay--and be
binding on both parties.
On the 29th of
March, a proclamation was issued by the Imperial
Government declaring Bahia in a state
of blockade, the Portuguese having
there assembled a combined naval and
military force superior to that of
Brazil, and, under ordinary
circumstances, fully competent to maintain
itself; as well as to put down, or at
least paralyse, any movement in
favour of independence.
The following
orders were then communicated to me, and were of the usual
kind, viz. "to capture or destroy all
enemy's ships and property,
whereever found:"--
His Imperial
Majesty, through the Secretary of State for the
Marine, commands that the First
Admiral, Lord Cochrane,
Commander-in-Chief of the Squadron,
shall, to-morrow morning,
proceed from this port with such
vessels as he shall judge proper
to the port of Bahia, to institute a
rigorous blockade, destroying
or capturing whatever Portuguese force
he may fall in with--doing
all possible damage to the enemies of
this Empire, it being left to
the discretion of the said Admiral to
act as he shall deem
advantageous, in order to save that
city from the thraldom to which
it is reduced by the enemies of the
cause of Brazil; for this
purpose consulting with Gen. Labatu,
commanding the Army, in order
to the general good of the service,
and glory of the national and
Imperial arms.
Palace of Rio
Janeiro, March 30, 1823.
LUIZ DA CUNHA
MOREIRA.
To the Brazilian party and the mass of
the people generally, the
approaching departure of the squadron
was a matter for congratulation,
but to the Portuguese faction it
presented a cause for fear, as tending
to destroy their hopes of
re-establishing the authority of the mother
country. Their influence, as has
before been said, was as great, if not
greater, than that of the patriots,
and being more systematic, it had
been effectually employed to increase
the disaffection which existed in
the Northern provinces to the--as
yet--but partially established
authority of his Imperial Majesty.
It is not my
intention for a moment to impute malicious motives to the
Portuguese faction in Brazil. The King
of Portugal, Don John VI. had,
within twelve months, quitted their
shores to resume the throne of his
ancestors, so that they had a right to
the praise of loyalty, and the
more so, as at that time few
calculated on separation from the mother
country. The Empire itself was not six
months old, and therefore they
were not to be blamed for doubting its
stability. The Cortes at Lisbon
had sent a large force for the
protection of the more remote provinces,
and in an attack upon these at Bahia,
the Brazilian troops had been
unsuccessful, so that no great
confidence was to be reposed on any
future military efforts to eject the
Portuguese troops.
Where the
Portuguese party was really to blame, consisted in
this,--that seeing disorder everywhere
more or less prevalent, they
strained every nerve to increase it,
hoping thereby to paralyse further
attempts at independence, by exposing
whole provinces to the evils of
anarchy and confusion. Their loyalty
also partook more of self-interest
than of attachment to the supremacy of
Portugal, for the commercial
classes, which formed the real
strength of the Portuguese faction,
hoped, by preserving the authority of
the mother country in her distant
provinces, thereby to obtain as their
reward the revival of old trade
monopolies, which twelve years before
had been thrown open, enabling the
English traders--whom they cordially
hated--to supersede them in their
own markets. Being a citizen of the
rival nation, their aversion to me
personally was undisguised; the more
so perhaps, that they believed me
capable of achieving at Bahia--whither
the squadron was destined--that
irreparable injury to their own cause,
which the Imperial troops had
been unable to effect. Had I, at the
time, been aware of the influence
and latent power of the Portuguese
party in the empire, not all the
so-called concessions made by De
Andrada would have induced me to accept
the command of the Brazilian navy; for
to contend with faction is more
dangerous than to engage an enemy, and
a contest of intrigue was alike
foreign to my nature and inclination. |