About the time of
the great pestilence which committed such dreadful ravages in Scotland in
the reign of James I. there lived in the town of Dunse an old woman of the
name of Janet Fortune, who, in consequence of her spare appearance and
peculiarly sharp style of countenance, joined to a strong religious
enthusiasm, which burned with the fires scattered abroad at that early
period by the Wickliffites, was generally considered to have that
connection with the great Author of Evil which subjected her to the danger
of the stake. There was, of course, no more witchcraft about Janet Fortune
than might have been in those by whom it was imputed to her; and certainly
(if the innocent nature of her avocations formed any test of judgment)
there was greatly less connection between her and the Evil One than
might have been proved to have existed in the case of the sorners,
brennars, stouthrievers, and masterful beggars, with whom that part of the
country abounded, and who conceived they had a right to shake their heads
at the old woman in token of their disapprobation of her imputed compact.
Unfortunately, however,
Janet Fortune was one of those wiseacres who concern themselves about the
signs of the times; and though other people saw nothing more in the
plague, which was then filling the kirkyards and raising there the only
crops which the parched country yielded, than was observed in that of the
prior century, (1348,) which carried off a third of the inhabitants, she
could very easily perceive that it was a warning of the approaching end of
all things. This opinion she was in the habit of expressing daily, as she
sat at her window, and observed the melancholy progress of the almost
hourly funerals which passed her house to the kirkyard. It was in vain
that her daughter, a fine young woman, of about twenty-five years of age,
called Magdaline, disputed with her on the absurdity of her belief, and
proved, by reference to history, that many scourges of the same kind had
passed over the earth, which notwithstanding still endured, and would, she
hoped, endure as long at least as they were destined to remain on it.
Janet was immovable. She could not conceive that one half of God’s
creatures, among whom she enumerated many godly people, could be sent to
their graves for no other ostensible purpose than to make the grass grow.
They had committed no greater evil than those who lived before them; they
had been removed while in the bud, in the blossom, in the fruit, and in
the sere-leaf; and for what could all this be done, but to prepare them in
some mysterious way for "the hour which corneth when no man listeth?"
Magdaline was interested in
this controversy otherwise than as a speculative casuist, or even as a
warm-hearted daughter, who wished to save her mother from public reproach.
She had been upon the eve of being married to a young man called Murdoch
Stewart, who, though poor and a tradesman, boasted of being a natural son
of the unfortunate regent of that name. The match between him and
Magdaline had been fixed, and the ceremony was only postponed in
consequence of the negative which the old mother set against it; from the
conviction which hourly increased with the increase of the general
mortality, that her daughter was already destined to be death’s bride, and
that the day was fast approaching when they would all meet in a place
where there was no matches but those of eternal love and friendship.
Magdaline was a most affectionate daughter, and sacrificed her own
happiness to the peace of mind of her parent. She trusted to the cessation
of the scourge, and waited patiently for the change which that happy
circumstance would produce on the mind of her mother, and, by consequence,
on her own maiden condition.
The great anxiety of the
public mind, at that time, rendered it credulous of any nostrum in the
shape of a prophecy, which religious enthusiasm, fear, or vanity, might
promulgate. As soon as it was known that Janet Fortune, the wise woman of
Dunse, had foretold the end of the world, from the premonitory signs of
the times, and especially the existence of the frightful disease, which
seemed by its own energies alone able, as it was apparently inclined, to
put an end to all mankind, numbers of people visited her from all parts of
the country, to consult her as to the time when the anticipated change
would take place. The daughter saw, with fear and trembling, the danger to
which her old parent was exposing herself by countenancing this unenviable
fame. The old woman herself was not insensible to the terrors of imputed
witchcraft; but the duty she owed to the Author of all things overcame her
fears, and she continued to call her friends to a timely repentance, as a
preparation for what would inevitably come upon them.
About this time, the famous
Paul Crawer, the Prague doctor, was busy taking advantage of the state of
men’s minds, produced by the incomprehensible and incurable nature of the
pestilence, called, in consequence of the versatility of its vengeance,
the pestilentia volatilis; and, in various places in Scotland,
thundered with his peculiar eloquence against the imputed errors of the
Catholic Church, which, he said, were the true cause of the divine
visitation. He dwelt with great force upon the crime of withholding the
Bible from the people, for whom its precepts and consolations were
intended; argued against the immunities claimed by the ecclesiastics and
prelates, from the temporal jurisdiction of the king’s law-officers, and
laid open the sores which religious error had produced in the hearts of
men. In promulgating these doctrines, Crawer visited various of the
Scottish towns; and, among the rest, Dunse, which was already sufficiently
inflamed by the prophetic warnings of Janet Fortune, aided by the awful
state of the kingdom from the still increasing mortality which everywhere
prevailed.
The appearance, in so small
a town, of the Bohemian enthusiast, with his foreign aspect, dress, and
accent—the promulgator of new doctrines, and, in the people’s
apprehension, a person connected, in some mysterious way, with the public
curse then prevailing—produced an excitement proportioned to the unusual
cause and the susceptibility of the people’s feelings. He preached
publicly in the open street, defying the great inquisitor of heresy and
his agents. All that were still free from the grasp of the fell destroyer,
collected round the enthusiast. Every face was marked with the sorrow
produced by the loss of friends, and the anxiety still felt for their own
fate. A predisposition to fear and apprehension reigned everywhere; slight
circumstances were magnified into mysterious indications; and anything in
the shape of a prophecy operated like the effect of magic on their excited
minds. Among the crowd was Janet Fortune, on whom those eyes which were
not spell-bound by the preacher, were eagerly, yet fearfully turned.
Crawer did not fail to take advantage of the excitement he saw everywhere
prevailing, and stated that, while he was bound to inform them that the
awful visitation under which their friends had perished and they
themselves stood in imminent danger, was sent as a punishment for the
vices of the age, he felt himself under the obligation of intimating what
heaven and earth were also busily and fearfully doing—that the time was
fast approaching when the end of all mortal things would be revealed to
man, and he would be called to account for the crimes he had committed and
was still committing. When this announcement was made, every eye turned
upon Janet Fortune; the unlooked for corroboration of her prediction
sealed it with the stamp of truth; an involuntary shudder followed the
conviction, and apprehension, producing its sympathetic effects, rose to a
pitch of morbid terror seldom experienced in an entire community.
Fears of the kind thus
entertained by the inhabitants of Dunse are generally short-lived; but, in
the present instance, they were kept up, if not gradually increased, by
the continuance of the pestilence, whose ravages were not in any degree
abated; the number of the funerals was as great as ever, and all public
functions were so completely obstructed, that the interference of the
legislature was required to preserve that order and regularity in the
public offices which fear had disturbed or put entirely to flight. The
apprehensions of the people of Dunse were destined to assume a form of
great certainty. Though neither Janet Fortune nor Paul Crawer had
condescended on the particular period of the prophesied change, others did
not observe a similar caution or honesty. An obscure hint, whose origin,
it would, perhaps, have been vain to attempt to discover, served to fix
the gnomon of the prevailing fear; and it was circulated with great
rapidity, that the 17th day of June following (1432) was the ordained day
on which an eternal finality was to be put to sublunary things. A
general credence was willingly imparted to the flying intelligence,
notwithstanding that neither the old woman nor the Bohemian would admit
that there appeared to them any truth in the statement of the particular
period of time at which the event would happen. The difficulty of
accounting for the origin of the report only added to its greater
certainty, on the principle always acted on by the vulgar, and often too
much disregarded by the learned, that what has apparently no cause comes
direct from heaven.
The week which intervened
between the periods of the starting of the report, and the appointed day,
was passed in great and ill-concealed apprehension. Some persons, who
prided themselves in refusing credence to things which admitted of less
doubt, attempted to disregard the subject of general concern; but the
connection between it and a present and experienced evil, the still
destroying pestilence, prevented them from indulging in a stoicism which
had been renounced by all as a scepticism which was so much unsuited to
the mysterious character of the times. The everyday concerns of ordinary
life were disregarded by those inhabitants whose minds were considered to
be entirely devoted to business; and even the peculiar affairs of the
heart, and, in particular, the matrimonial thoughts and aspirations of
Magdaline Fortune and Murdoch Stewart, were merged in the general
absorbing subject of anxiety and fear. Meanwhile, the duties were still
unremittingly paid to the dying—the dead continued in great numbers to be
carried to the burying ground, which being now completely filled, recourse
was had by the disconsolate and terror-smitten inhabitants to a part of
the ground of a neighbouring monastery as a receptacle for the surplus of
the victims of the relentless destroyer.
During this reign of
terror, the most unremitting devotion was practised by the inhabitants. It
is due to the character of the people of that part of the kingdom to state
this historical testimony to their not having abandoned themselves
absolutely to the force of their fears. It would not be fair to frail
human nature to say that the religious feelings then displayed, and no
doubt sincerely, were like the gods mentioned in the ancient aphorism—metas
fecit deos— the children of apprehension. No doubt many then knelt in
prayer to the Almighty who never before bended a knee at his footstool;
their reward may be the less, but we have no authority for saying that it
will be nothing. Wo at least to those—and there were even some such to be
found among the people—who admitted the truth of the prediction, and yet
amidst acknowledgments that sorrow for their dead and dying friends had
become familiar to them, kept the knee unbended and the voice of
supplication mute. We say not this in reference to the falsely predicted
catastrophe but to the character of hearts which could remain unshaken and
unawed amidst the dissolving elements of a condemned world.
The eventful day at last
dawned upon Dunse. No shops were opened by the inhabitants, the most part
of whom were either engaged in prayer or in performing the last offices to
their dying friends. A very general wish seemed to prevail to enter
places of public worship, which were accordingly soon filled. These
demonstrations of preparation on the part of people gifted with strong
powers of reason, overcame many who maintained hitherto a determined
scepticism. The slight beam of hope that the prediction would prove false,
which to some extent pervaded the minds of all, was not sufficient to
qualify an apprehension justified by the surrounding evidences of the
Almighty’s displeasure. As the day advanced, that beam became stronger;
but it was destined immediately to suffer an almost entire annihilation.
At the hour of two, a sudden darkness came over the face of the earth, and
Dunse was unfortunately not excepted from the general gloom. The fate of
the world and of Dunse was now on the eve of being decided; the prophetess
stood on the market-cross, and cried peace and forgiveness to the sinner.
Paul Crawer rejoiced in his power of divination, and in the downfall of
Popery in a gulf which was to entomb himself. The fatal tidings, confirmed
by a mid-day night, reached the ears of those dying of the pestilence. But
disease was now no addition to the misery of the sinner. The remorseless
destroyer, that had carried off thousands, was destined himself to be
destroyed; and the grave lost its insignificant dimensions, as well as its
terrors, amidst the universal tomb of Dunse and the world.
Having lasted a full hour,
the darkness began to disappear about three o’clock; and, in a few
minutes, the sun shone forth in all his glory. It now occurred to the
wiser portion of the inhabitants, that they had been eclipsed; and, sure
it was that they had at least mentally been exposed to an obumbration. The
rest of the day proved clear and beautiful; and, at night, the moon
brought her borrowed light, to make amends to the sorrowing inhabitants
for the absence of her principal. On the morning of the 18th of June,
Dunse was found still to be on the face of the earth; and what was of not
much less importance, the earth herself still held her place among the
planets.
The fears of the people,
thus wrought out by a great paroxysm, never returned; but many
acknowledged the benefits, in a religious point of view, which they
experienced from the extraordinary phenomenon of "The Black Hour." The
unfortunate Crawer did not, however, share in these. As a heretic and a
disturber of the public peace, he was seized by the order of the grand
inquisitor, the infamous Lawrence, and, after standing his trial, was
condemned to die, and did accordingly resign his life at the stake, in the
city of St Andrew’s, on the 23d day of July following.
It was with difficulty that
Janet Fortune escaped the rage of the populace, who now treated her as a
witch of the worst grade—viz, those that torment people with fears of evil
which they are not yet far enough in with the Devil to be able to realize;
but she was saved by the interference of her daughter Magdaline, who, from
her beauty and character, was respected and beloved by all who knew her.
No obstruction now existed to the celebration of her marriage with Murdoch
Stewart, except the recent deaths of many relatives who had fallen victims
to the general destroyer. Though all fears of a decay of universal nature
were now banished, many still adhered to the idea that there was some
connection between "The Black Hour" and the pestilence; but, happily, even
that connection, if any such existed, was destined soon to cease. The
mortality of the disease soon began to shew indications of decrease; and,
as the summer advanced, its ravages diminished. In the autumn following,
Scotland, and Dunse in particular, had recovered, in a great degree, from
the effects of the mighty calamities under which she had for some time
laboured; and, during the slow return of health, composure, and happiness,
to the so long distressed inhabitants, Magdaline Fortune and Murdoch
Stewart, whose fates were particularly connected with the misfortunes of
Dunse, were no longer prevented by their mother, who now abjured all
spaeing, from joining themselves in holy wedlock.
The eclipse of 1432 was
long remembered in Scotland by the name we have already mentioned—"The
Black Hour." The period of obscuration is understood to have lasted an
hour, and to have been distinguished by unprecedented darkness. The
pestilence which then also prevailed was, in an age prone to superstition,
supposed to be the effect of the celestial phenomenon not then well
understood; an opinion which, though it has been spurned by modern
philosophers, receives some authority from the records of later history as
well as our ancient chronicles. |