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James Smith – (3 January
1789, Glasgow–10 June 1850, Kingencleuch near Mauchline, age 61) was a
Scottish inventor whose inventions include a reaping machine, a subsoil
plough and the first endless chain of flats for carding. Smith’s father, a
self-made Glasgow businessman, died when he was two months old; his mother
went to live with her brother, a friend and pupil of Richard Arkwright, and
managing partner of cotton-works at Deanston. Smith attended Glasgow
University before entering his uncle’s factory and becoming manager aged 18.
Aged 24, his invention of a reaping machine won him a medal from the
Imperial Agricultural Society of St Petersburgh. In 1823 Smith came into
possession of his uncle’s farm and set about systematically draining the
soil and working it with a subsoil plough. In 1831 he published his
agricultural recommendations as a small pamphlet, Thorough Draining and Deep
Working, which attracted attention in the agricultural crisis of 1834.
Smith also introduced mechanical innovations in spinning: in 1834 he
improved Archibald Buchanan’s self-striping card, filing a patent (British
patent no. 6560) for fixing the flat cards on an endless chain, allowing
them to be regularly cleaned.
Smith was appointed by Robert Peel to the Commission into the sanitation and
health of manufacturing towns, which led to the 1848 Public Health Act:
Smith pressed to make liquid manure useful to agriculture. Smith was also an
active member of the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society of Ireland, and
a member of the Glasgow Philosophical Society, contributing papers to their
Transactions. |
