KAY, JOHN, long well-known in
Edinburgh as a miniature-painter and caricaturist, and almost the only
artist of the latter kind produced in Scotland, was born in April, 1742, at
a place called Gibraltar, near Dalkeith. His father, and an uncle named
Norman, were both stone-masons, and he was himself destined to follow the
same profession. Having lost his father, however, in his eighth year, this
scheme was given up, and he was placed with some relations of his mother in
Leith, who, it appears, treated the poor orphan boy with great
cruelty—almost to the hazard of his life. He also was oftener than once,
while in this situation, in danger of drowning in Leith harbour.
At the age of thirteen, he
was placed by his mother with a barber in Dalkeith, whom he served for six
years; he then set up in Edinburgh, having first paid about forty pounds to
the society of surgeon-barbers for the freedom of the corporation, and soon
after married a young woman, by whom he had eleven children, all of whom
long predeceased himself. The trade of a barber was then more lucrative, and
consequently more dignified than latterly. Kay had good employment in
dressing the wigs, and trimming the heads, of a certain number of gentlemen
every morning, all of whom paid him a certain annual sum (generally about
four guineas,) for his trouble. Among his customers was a fine specimen of
the old Jacobite country gentleman, Mr Nisbet of Dirleton, who took a fancy
for him, and frequently invited him to the country, to the great injury of
his business. Kay had, even in his boyhood, when residing in Leith,
manifested a turn for sketching familiar objects, such as horses, dogs,
ships, &c., using, chalk or coal, and tracing his delineations on such
pieces of dead wall as presented a large enough ground. Now and then, in
later life, he made some attempts in miniatures and pencil sketches. It may
easily be conceived that, finding himself possessed of this talent, and
encouraged by a man of rank in developing it, he felt some difficulty in
restraining himself to the humble career which destiny seemed to have marked
out for him. At Mr Nisbet’s country-seat, he for the first time found proper
opportunities and proper materials for his favourite study; while any
compunctious visitings he might feel as to the danger to which he thus
exposed the permanent livelihood of himself and family, were laid to rest by
the kindness of his patron, who, in the meantime, sent money to support his
domestic establishment in Edinburgh, and promised speedily to obtain for him
some permanent provision, which should render him independent of business.
Unfortunately, in 1782, Mr Nisbet died, without having executed his kind
intention; and Mr Kay was left in somewhat awkward circumstances, having, as
it were, fallen to the ground between certainty and hope. The heir, however,
so far repaired the omission of his predecessor, as to settle an annuity of
twenty pounds upon Kay for life.
He now began effectually to
follow out his bent for limning and etching, and, after a few trials,
abandoned his trade as a barber. In 1784, he published his first caricature,
which represented a half-crazed Jacobite gentleman, named laird Robertson,
who was wont to amuse the citizens of Edinburgh by cutting caricatured
resemblances of public characters, which he fixed on the head of his stick,
and whose figure was perfectly known to all the inhabitants. The portrait,
accordingly, excited some attention, and the author was induced to attempt
others. The style assumed by Mr Kay was the stippled or dotted style, and
nothing could equal the felicity of the likeness. From that time forward,
till he was about eighty years of age, this untutored son of genius pursued
his vocation, taking off, one after another, the whole of the public and
eccentric persons who appeared in the Scottish capital, and occasionally
caricaturing any jocular incident that happened to attract attention. To
speak of his portraits as caricatures is doing them signal injustice. They
were the most exact and faithful likenesses that could have been represented
by any mode of art. He drew the man as he walked the street every day: his
gait, his costume, every peculiarity of his appearance, done to a point, and
no defect perceptible except the stiffness of the figures. Indeed, he may be
said to have rather resembled one of the prosopographuses or apographs of
modern times, than a living artist trusting to his eye and hand. Hence,
nothing can be more valuable in the way of engraved portraits, than his
representations of the distinguished men who adorned Edinburgh in the latter
part of the eighteenth century—the Blairs, the Smiths, and the Robertsons.
It was only in certain instances that his productions could be considered as
caricatures, namely, in those combinations by which he meant to burlesque
any ridiculous public transaction: and even here, his likenesses displayed
all his usual correctness. During a considerable part of his career, Mr Kay
was a professed miniature painter, and executed some specimens which, for
delicacy and finish, would surprise such individuals as have only been
accustomed to inspect his published etchings. It is said, that his only
fault in this capacity, was a rigid and unbending adherence to likeness—a
total want of the courtly system practised, in so eminent a degree, by
Lawrence and other fashionable painters. Once, it is related, he was "trysted"
with an exceedingly ill-looking man, much pimpled, who, to add to the
distresses of the artist, came accompanied by a fair nymph to whom he was
about to be married. Honest Kay did all he could in favour of this
gentleman, so far as, omitting the ravages of bacchanalianism would go; but
still he could not satisfy his customer, who earnestly appealed to his
inamorata as to the injustice which he conceived to be done to him, and the
necessity of improving the likeness, for so he termed the flattery which he
conceived to be necessary. Quite tired at length with this literally ugly
customer, and greatly incensed, the miniaturist exclaimed, with an
execration, that he would "paint every plook in the puppy’s’face: would that
please him!" It is needless to remark, that in this, as in other instances,
Mr Kay lost by his unbending accuracy of delineation.
During almost the whole of
his career as an artist, Mr Kay had a small print-shop in the Parliament
Square, the window of which was usually stuck full of his productions. He
etched in all nearly nine hundred plates, forming a complete record of the
public characters, of every grade and kind, including many distinguished
strangers, who made a figure in Edinburgh for nearly half a century. It may
be safely affirmed, that no city in the empire can boast of so curious a
chronicle. From the first to the last, there is a remarkable similarity in
his style. After forty years’ experience, he was just as deficient in
grouping, and other acquired gifts in the art, as when he first began to use
the graver. It would almost appear as if nature had designed him for that
peculiar style alone, in which he so much excelled all other men, and had
denied him every common effect of his art, which other men generally attain
with ease.
In a profile of himself,
executed about the year 1785, Mr Kay appears with a handsome aquiline
countenance, of much delicacy and ingenuity of expression. In his latter
days, when the writer of this notice first saw him, he was a slender but
straight old man, of middle size, and usually dressed in a garb of antique
cut; of simple habits, and quiet, unassuming manners. His head was of a
singular structure, presenting a very remarkable protuberance in the
forehead, where phrenologists, we believe, place the organs of observation:
in Kay, the profile of this feature formed the arc of a perfect circle,
beginning under the hair, and terminating at the root of the nose. According
to the information of his widow, (a second spouse, whom he married in 1787,)
he cared for, and could settle at no employment, except that of etching
likenesses. He would suddenly quit his lucrative employment in
miniature-drawing, in order to commit some freak of his fancy to copper,
from which, perhaps, no profit was to be hoped for. It was the conviction of
this lady, that, if he had devoted himself to the more productive art, he
would soon have acquired a competency.
Mr Kay died in his house in
the High Street of Edinburgh, some time in the year 1830. His wife survived
him till 1835. After her death, the copper-plates of his works were
purchased by Mr Hugh Paton, Edinburgh, who republished them in two quarto
volumes, with biographical sketches, under the title of "Kay’s Edinburgh
Portraits." The work forms a collection altogether unique, and possesses
great general as well as local interest, even in a generation comparatively
unacquainted with the subjects of the prints.
A Series of
Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings
By the late John Kay, Miniature painter, Edinburgh with biographical
sketches and illustrative anecdotes in 4 parts (1838) Edited by Hugh Paton |