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AT first, wheat, corn, and
potatoes were the principal crops we raised; wheat especially. But in four
or five years the soil was so exhausted that only five or six bushels an
acre, even in the better fields, was obtained, although when first ploughed
twenty and twenty-five bushels was about the ordinary yield. More attention
was then paid to corn, but without fertilizers the corn-crop also became
very meager. At last it was discovered that English clover would grow on
even the exhausted fields, and that when ploughed under and planted with
corn, or even wheat, wonderful crops were raised. This caused a complete
change in farming methods; the farmers raised fertilizing clover, planted
corn, and fed the crop to cattle and hogs.
But no crop raised in our wilderness was so
surprisingly rich and sweet and purely generous to us boys and, indeed, to
everybody as the watermelons and muskmelons. We planted a large patch on a
sunny hill-slope the very first spring, and it seemed miraculous that a few
handfuls of little flat seeds should in a few months send up a hundred
wagon-loads of crisp, sumptuous, red-hearted and yellow-hearted fruits
covering all the hill. We soon learned to know when they were in their
prime, and when over-ripe and mealy. Also that if a second crop was taken
from the same ground without fertilizing it, the melons would be small and
what we called soapy; that is, soft and smooth, utterly uncrisp, and without
a trace of the lively freshness and sweetness of those raised on virgin
soil. Coming in from the farm work at noon, the half-dozen or so of melons
we had placed in our cold spring were a glorious luxury that only weary
barefooted farm boys can ever know.
Spring was not very trying as to temperature,
and refreshing rains fell at short intervals. The work of ploughing
commenced as soon as the frost was out of the ground. Corn- and
potato-planting and the sowing of spring wheat was comparatively light work,
while the nesting birds sang cheerily, grass and flowers covered the marshes
and meadows and all the wild, uncleared parts of the farm, and the trees put
forth their new leaves, those of the oaks forming beautiful purple masses as
if every leaf were a petal; and with all this we enjoyed the mild soothing
winds, the humming of innumerable small insects and hylas, and the freshness
and fragrance of everything. Then, too, came the wonderful passenger pigeons
streaming from the south, and flocks of geese and cranes, filling all the
sky with whistling wings.
The summer work, on the contrary, was deadly
heavy, especially harvesting and corn-hoeing. All the ground had to be hoed
over for the first few years, before father bought cultivators or small
weed-covering ploughs, and we were not allowed a moment's rest. The hoes had
to be kept working up and down as steadily as if they were moved by
machinery. Ploughing for winter wheat was comparatively easy, when we walked
barefooted in the furrows, while the fine autumn tints kindled in the woods,
and the hillsides were covered with golden pumpkins.
In summer the chores were grinding scythes,
feeding the animals, chopping stove-wood, and carrying water up the hill
from the spring on the edge of the meadow, etc. Then breakfast, and to the
harvest or hay-field. I was foolishly ambitious to be first in mowing and
cradling, and by the time I was sixteen led all the hired men. An hour was
allowed at noon for dinner and more chores. We stayed in the field until
dark, then supper, and still more chores, family worship, and to bed; making
altogether a hard, sweaty day of about sixteen or seventeen hours. Think of
that, ye blessed eight-hour-day laborers!
In winter father came to the foot of the stairs
and called us at six o'clock to feed the horses and cattle, grind axes,
bring in wood, and do any other chores required, then breakfast, and out to
work in the mealy, frosty snow by daybreak, chopping, fencing, etc. So in
general our winter work was about as restless and trying as that of the
long-day summer. No matter what the weather, there was always something to
do. During heavy rains or snowstorms we worked in the barn, shelling corn,
fanning wheat, thrashing with the flail, making axe-handles or ox-yokes,
mending things, or sprouting and sorting potatoes in the cellar.
No pains were taken to diminish or in any way
soften the natural hardships of this pioneer farm life; nor did any of the
Europeans seem to know how to find reasonable ease and comfort if they
would. The very best oak and hickory fuel was embarrassingly abundant and
cost nothing but cutting and common sense; but instead of hauling great
heart-cheering loads of it for wide, open, all-welcoming, climate-changing,
beauty-making, Godlike ingle-fires, it was hauled with weary heart-breaking
industry into fences and waste places to get it out of the way of the
plough, and out of the way of doing good. The only fire for the whole house
was the kitchen stove, with a fire-box about eighteen inches long and eight
inches wide and deep, — scant space for three or four small sticks, around
which in hard zero weather all the family of ten persons shivered, and
beneath which in the morning we found our socks and coarse, soggy boots
frozen solid. We were not allowed to start even this despicable little fire
in its black box to thaw them. No, we had to squeeze our throbbing, aching,
chilblained feet into them, causing greater pain than toothache, and hurry
out to chores. Fortunately the miserable chilblain pain began to abate as
soon as the temperature of our feet approached the freezing-point, enabling
us in spite of hard work and hard frost to enjoy the winter beauty, — the
wonderful radiance of the snow when it was starry with crystals, and the
dawns and the sunsets and white noons, and the cheery, enlivening company of
the brave chickadees and nuthatches.
The winter stars far surpassed those of our
stormy Scotland in brightness, and we gazed and gazed as though we had never
seen stars before. Oftentimes the heavens were made still more glorious by
auroras, the long lance rays, called "Merry Dancers" in Scotland, streaming
with startling tremulous motion to the zenith. Usually the electric auroral
light is white or pale yellow, but in the third or fourth of our Wisconsin
winters there was a magnificently colored aurora that was seen and admired
over nearly all the continent. The whole sky was draped in graceful purple
and crimson folds glorious beyond description. Father called us out into the
yard in front of the house where we had a wide view, crying, "Come! Come,
mother! Come, bairns! and see the glory of God. All the sky is clad in a
robe of red light. Look straight up to the crown where the folds are
gathered. Hush and wonder and adore, for surely this is the clothing of the
Lord Himself, and perhaps He will even now appear looking down from his high
heaven." This celestial show was far more glorious than anything we had ever
yet beheld, and throughout that wonderful winter hardly anything else was
spoken of. We even
enjoyed the snowstorms, the thronging crystals, like daisies, coming down
separate and distinct, were very different from the tufted flakes we enjoyed
so much in Scotland, when we ran into the midst of the slow-falling feathery
throng shouting with enthusiasm: "Jennie's plucking her doos! Jennie's
plucking her doos!" (doves).
Nature has many ways of thinning and pruning and
trimming her forests, — lightning-strokes, heavy snow, and storm-winds to
shatter and blow down whole trees here and there or break off branches as
required. The results of these methods I have observed in different forests,
but only once have I seen pruning by rain. The rain froze on the trees as it
fell and grew so thick and heavy that many of them lost a third or more of
their branches. The view of the woods after the storm had passed and the sun
shone forth was something never to be forgotten. Every twig and branch and
rugged trunk was encased in pure crystal ice, and each oak and hickory and
willow became a fairy crystal palace. Such dazzling brilliance, such effects
of white light and irised light glowing and flashing I had never seen
before, nor have I since. This sudden change of the leafless woods to
glowing silver was, like the great aurora, spoken of for years, and is one
of the most beautiful of the many pictures that enriches my life. And
besides the great shows there were thousands of others even in the coldest
weather manifesting the utmost fineness and tenderness of beauty and
affording noble compensation for hardship and pain.
One of the most striking of the winter sounds
was the loud roaring and rumbling of the ice on our lake, from its shrinking
and expanding with the changes of the weather. The fishes- men who were
catching pickerel said that they had no luck when this roaring was going on
above the fish. I remember how frightened we boys were when on one of our
New Year holidays we were taking a walk on the ice and heard for the first
time the sudden rumbling roar beneath our feet and running on ahead of us,
creaking and whooping as if all the ice eighteen or twenty inches thick was
breaking. In the
neighborhood of our Wisconsin farm there were extensive swamps consisting in
great part of a thick sod of very tough carex roots covering thin, watery
lakes of mud. They originated in glacier lakes that were gradually
overgrown. This sod was so tough that oxen with loaded wagons could be
driven over it without cutting down through it, although it was afloat. The
carpenters who came to build our frame house, noticing how the sedges sunk
beneath their feet, said that if they should break through, they would
probably be well on their way to California before touching bottom. On the
contrary, all these lake-basins are shallow as compared with their width.
When we went into the Wisconsin woods there was not a single wheel-track or
cattle-track. The only man-made road was an Indian trail along the Fox River
between Portage and Packwauckee Lake. Of course the deer, foxes, badgers,
coons, skunks, and even the squirrels had well-beaten tracks from their dens
and hiding-places in thickets, hollow trees, and the ground, but they did
not reach far, and but little noise was made by the soft-footed travelers in
passing over them, only a slight rustling and swishing among fallen leaves
and grass. Corduroying
the swamps formed the principal part of road-making among the early settlers
for many a day. At these annual road-making gatherings opportunity was
offered for discussion of the news, politics, religion, war, the state of
the crops, comparative advantages of the new country over the old, and so
forth, but the principal opportunities, recurring every week, were the hours
after Sunday church services. I remember hearing long talks on the wonderful
beauty of the Indian corn; the wonderful melons, so wondrous fine for "sloken
a body on hot days"; their contempt for tomatoes, so fine to look at with
their sunny colors and so disappointing in taste; the miserable cucumbers
the "Yankee bodies" ate, though tasteless as rushes; the character of the
Yankees, etcetera. Then there were long discussions about the Russian war,
news of which was eagerly gleaned from Greeley's "New York Tribune"; the
great battles of the Alma, the charges at Balaklava and Inkerman; the siege
of Sebastopol; the military genius of Todleben; the character of Nicholas;
the character of the Russian soldier, his stubborn bravery, who for the
first time in history withstood the British bayonet charges; the probable
outcome of the terrible war; the fate of Turkey, and so forth.
Very few of our old-country neighbors gave much
heed to what are called spirit-rappings. On the contrary, they were regarded
as a sort of sleight-of-hand humbug. Some of these spirits seem to be stout
able-bodied fellows, judging by the weights they lift and the heavy
furniture they bang about. But they do no good work that I know of; never
saw wood, grind corn, cook, feed the hungry, or go to the help of poor
anxious mothers at the bedsides of their sick children. I noticed when I was
a boy that it was not the strongest characters who followed so-called
mediums. When a rapping-storm was at its height in Wisconsin, one of our
neighbors, an old Scotchman, remarked, "Thay puir silly medium-bodies may
gang to the deil wi' their rappin' speerits, for they dae nae gude, and I
think the deil's their f ayther."
Although in the spring of 1849 there was no
other settler within a radius of four miles of our Fountain Lake farm, in
three or four years almost every quarter-section of government land was
taken up, mostly by enthusiastic home-seekers from Great Britain, with only
here and there Yankee families from adjacent states, who had come drifting
indefinitely westward in covered wagons, seeking their fortunes like winged
seeds; all alike striking root and gripping the glacial drift soil as
naturally as oak and hickory trees; happy and hopeful, establishing homes
and making wider and wider fields in the hospitable wilderness. The axe and
plough were kept very busy; cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs multiplied;
barns and corncribs were filled up, and man and beast were well fed; a
schoolhouse was built, which was used also for a church; and in a very short
time the new country began to look like an old one.
Comparatively few of the first settlers suffered
from serious accidents. One of our neighbors had a finger shot off, and on a
bitter, frosty night had to be taken to a surgeon in Portage, in a sled
drawn by slow, plodding oxen, to have the shattered stump dressed. Another
fell from his wagon and was killed by the wheel passing over his body. An
acre of ground was reserved and fenced for graves, and soon consumption came
to fill it. One of the saddest instances was that of a Scotch family from
Edinburgh, consisting of a father, son, and daughter, who settled on eighty
acres of land within half a mile of our place. The daughter died of
consumption the third year after their arrival, the son one or two years
later, and at last the father followed his two children. Thus sadly ended
bright hopes and dreams of a happy home in rich and free America.
Another neighbor, I remember, after a lingering
illness died of the same disease in midwinter, and his funeral was attended
by the neighbors in sleighs during a driving snowstorm when the thermometer
was fifteen or twenty degrees below zero. The great white plague carried off
another of our near neighbors, a fine Scotchman, the father of eight
promising boys, when he was only about forty-five years of age. Most of
those who suffered from this disease seemed hopeful and cheerful up to a
very short time before their death, but Mr. Reid, I remember, on one of his
last visits to our house, said with brave resignation: "I know that never
more in this world can I be well, but I must just submit. I must just
submit." One of the
saddest deaths from other causes than consumption was that of a poor
feebleminded man whose brother, a sturdy, devout, severe puritan, was a very
hard taskmaster. Poor half-witted Charlie was kept steadily at work, —
although he was not able to do much, for his body was about as feeble as his
mind. He never could be taught the right use of an axe, and when he was set
to chopping down trees for firewood he feebly hacked and chipped round and
round them, sometimes spending several days in nibbling down a tree that a
beaver might have gnawed down in half the time. Occasionally when he had an
extra large tree to chop, he would go home and report that the tree was too
tough and strong for him and that he could never make it fall. Then his
brother, calling him a useless creature, would fell it with a few
well-directed strokes, and leave Charlie to nibble away at it for weeks
trying to make it into stove-wood.
His guardian brother, delighting in hard work
and able for anything, was as remarkable for strength of body and mind as
poor Charlie for childishness. All the neighbors pitied Charlie, especially
the women, who never missed an opportunity to give him kind words, cookies,
and pie; above all, they bestowed natural sympathy on the poor imbecile as
if he were an unfortunate motherless child. In particular, his nearest
neighbors, Scotch Highlanders, warmly welcomed him to their home and never
wearied in doing everything that tender sympathy could suggest. To those
friends he ran gladly at every opportunity. But after years of suffering
from overwork and illness his feeble health failed, and he told his Scotch
friends one day that he was not able to work any more or do anything that
his brother wanted him to do, that he was tired of life, and that he had
come to thank them for their kindness and to bid them good-bye, for he was
going to drown himself in Muir's lake. "Oh, Charlie! Charlie!" they cried,
"you mustn't talk that way. Cheer up! You will soon be stronger. We all love
you. Cheer up! Cheer up! And always come here whenever you need anything."
"Oh, no! my friends," he pathetically replied,
"I know you love me, but I can't cheer up any more. My heart's gone, and I
want to die." Next day,
when Mr. Anderson, a carpenter whose house was on the west shore of our
lake, was going to a spring he saw a man wade out through the rushes and
lily-pads and throw himself forward into deep water. This was poor Charlie.
Fortunately, Mr. Anderson had a skiff close by, and as the distance was not
great he reached the broken-hearted imbecile in time to save his life, and
after trying to cheer him took him home to his brother. But even this
terrible proof of despair failed to soften his brother. He seemed to regard
the attempt at suicide simply as a crime calculated to bring harm to
religion. Though snatched from the lake to his bed, poor Charlie lived only
a few days longer. A physician who was called when his health first became
seriously impaired reported that he was suffering from Bright's disease.
After all was over, the stoical brother walked over to the neighbor who had
saved Charlie from drowning, and, after talking on ordinary affairs, crops,
the weather, etc., said in a careless tone: "I have a little job of
carpenter work for you, Mr. Anderson." "What is it, Mr.?" "I want you to
make a coffin." "A coffin!" said the startled carpenter. "Who is dead?"
"Charlie," he coolly replied. All the neighbors were in tears over the poor
child man's fate. But, strange to say, the brother who had faithfully cared
for him controlled and concealed all his natural affection as incompatible
with sound faith. The
mixed lot of settlers around us offered a favorable field for observation of
the different kinds of people of our own race. We were swift to note the way
they behaved, the differences in their religion and morals, and in their
ways of drawing a living from the same kind of soil tinder the same general
conditions; how they protected themselves from the weather; how they were
influenced by new doctrines and old ones seen in new lights in preaching,
lecturing, debating, bringing up their children, etc., and how they regarded
the Indians, those first settlers and owners of the ground that was being
made into farms. I well
remember my father's discussing with a Scotch neighbor, a Mr. George Mair,
the Indian question as to the rightful ownership of the soil. Mr. Mair
remarked one day that it was pitiful to see how the unfortunate Indians,
children of Nature, living on the natural products of the soil, hunting,
fishing, and even cultivating small corn-fields on the most fertile spots,
were now being robbed of their lands and pushed ruthlessly back into
narrower and narrower limits by alien races who were cutting off their means
of livelihood. Father replied that surely it could never have been the
intention of God to allow Indians to rove and hunt over so fertile a country
and hold it forever in unproductive wildness, while Scotch and Irish and
English farmers could put it to so much better use. Where an Indian required
thousands of acres for his family, these acres in the hands of industrious,
God-fearing farmers would support ten or a hundred times more people in a
far worthier manner, while at the same time helping to spread the gospel.
Mr. Mair urged that such farming as our first
immigrants were practicing was in many ways rude and full of the mistakes of
ignorance, yet, rude as it was, and ill-tilled as were most of our Wisconsin
farms by unskillful, inexperienced settlers who had been merchants and
mechanics and servants in the old countries, how should we like to have
specially trained and educated farmers drive us out of our homes and farms,
such as they were, making use of the same argument, that God could never
have intended such ignorant, unprofitable, devastating farmers as we were to
occupy land upon which scientific farmers could raise five or ten times as
much on each acre as we did? And I well remember thinking that Mr. Mair had
the better side of the argument. It then seemed to me that, whatever the
final outcome might be, it was at this stage of the fight only an example of
the rule of might with but little or no thought for the right or welfare of
the other fellow if he were the weaker; that "they should take who had the
power, and they should keep who can," as Wordsworth makes the marauding
Scottish Highlanders say.
Many of our old neighbors toiled and sweated and
grubbed themselves into their graves years before their natural dying days,
in getting a living on a quarter-section of land and vaguely trying to get
rich, while bread and raiment might have been serenely won on less than a
fourth of this land, and time gained to get better acquainted with God.
I was put to the plough at the age of twelve,
when my head reached but little above the handles, and for many years I had
to do the greater part of the ploughing. It was hard work for so small a
boy; nevertheless, as good ploughing was exacted from me as if I were a man,
and very soon I had to become a good ploughman, or rather ploughboy. None
could draw a straighter furrow. For the first few years the work was
particularly hard on account of the tree-stumps that had to be dodged. Later
the stumps were all dug and chopped out to make way for the McCormick
reaper, and because I proved to be the best chopper and stump-digger I had
nearly all of it to myself. It was dull, hard work leaning over on my knees
all day, chopping out those tough oak and hickory stumps, deep down below
the crowns of the big roots. Some, though fortunately not many, were two
feet or more in diameter.
And as I was the eldest boy, the greater part of
all the other hard work of the farm quite naturally fell on me. I had to
split rails for long lines of zigzag fences. The trees that were tall enough
and straight enough to afford one or two logs ten feet long were used for
rails, the others, too knotty or cross-grained, were disposed of in log and
cordwood fences. Making rails was hard work and required no little skill. I
used to cut and split a hundred a day from our short, knotty oak timber,
swinging the axe and heavy mallet, often with sore hands, from early morning
to night. Father was not successful as a rail-splitter. After trying the
work with me a day or two, he in despair left it all to me. I rather liked
it, for I was proud of my skill, and tried to believe that I was as tough as
the timber I mauled, though this and other heavy jobs stopped my growth and
earned for me the title "Runt of the family."
In those early days, long before the great labor-saving
machines came to our help, almost everything connected with wheat-raising
abounded in trying work, — cradling in the long, sweaty dog-days, raking and
binding, stacking, thrashing, — and it often seemed to me that our fierce,
over-industrious way of getting the grain from the ground was too closely
connected with grave-digging. The staff of life, naturally beautiful,
oftentimes suggested the grave-digger's spade. Men and boys, and in those
days even women and girls, were cut down while cutting the wheat. The fat
folk grew lean and the lean leaner, while the rosy cheeks brought from
Scotland and other cool countries across the sea faded to yellow like the
wheat. We were all made slaves through the vice of over-industry. The same
was in great part true in making hay to keep the cattle and horses through
the long winters. We were called in the morning at four o'clock and seldom
got to bed before nine, making a broiling, seething day seventeen hours long
loaded with heavy work, while I was only a small stunted boy; and a few
years later my brothers David and Daniel and my older sisters had to endure
about as much as I did. In the harvest dog-days and dog-nights and
dog-mornings, when we arose from our clammy beds, our cotton shirts clung to
our backs as wet with sweat as the bathing-suits of swimmers, and remained
so all the long, sweltering days. In mowing and cradling, the most
exhausting of all the farm work, I made matters worse by foolish ambition in
keeping ahead of the hired men. Never a warning word was spoken of the
dangers of over-work. On the contrary, even when sick we were held to our
tasks as long as we could stand. Once in harvest-time I had the mumps and
was unable to swallow any food except milk, but this was not allowed to make
any difference, while I staggered with weakness and sometimes fell headlong
among the sheaves. Only once was I allowed to leave the harvest-field — when
I was stricken down with pneumonia. I lay gasping for weeks, but the Scotch
are hard to kill and I pulled through. No physician was called, for father
was an enthusiast, and always said and believed that God and hard work were
by far the best doctors.
None of our neighbors were so excessively
industrious as father; though nearly all of the Scotch, English, and Irish
worked too hard, trying to make good homes and to lay up money enough for
comfortable independence. Excepting small garden-patches, few of them had
owned land in the old country. Here their craving land-hunger was satisfied,
and they were naturally proud of their farms and tried to keep them as neat
and clean and well-tilled as gardens. To accomplish this without the means
for hiring help was impossible. Flowers were planted about the neatly kept
log or frame houses; barnyards, granaries, etc., were kept in about as neat
order as the homes, and the fences and corn-rows were rigidly straight. But
every uncut weed distressed them; so also did every ungathered ear of grain,
and all that was lost by birds and gophers; and this overcarefulness bred
endless work and worry.
As for money, for many a year there was precious
little of it in the country for anybody. Eggs sold at six cents a dozen in
trade, and five-cent calico was exchanged at twenty-five cents a yard. Wheat
brought fifty cents a bushel in trade. To get cash for it before the Portage
Railway was built, it had to be hauled to Milwaukee, a hundred miles, away.
On the other hand, food was abundant — eggs, chickens, pigs, cattle, wheat,
corn, potatoes, garden vegetables of the best, and wonderful melons as
luxuries. No other wild country I have ever known extended a kinder welcome
to poor immigrants. On the arrival in the spring, a log house could be
built, a few acres ploughed, the virgin sod planted with corn, potatoes,
etc., and enough raised to keep a family comfortably the very first year;
and wild hay for cows and oxen grew in abundance on the numerous meadows.
The American settlers were wisely content with smaller fields and less of
everything, kept indoors during excessively hot or cold weather, rested when
tired, went off fishing and hunting at the most favorable times and seasons
of the day and year, gathered nuts and berries, and in general tranquilly
accepted all the good things the fertile wilderness offered.
After eight years of this dreary work of
clearing the Fountain Lake farm, fencing it and getting it in perfect order,
building a frame house and the necessary outbuildings for the cattle and
horses, — after all this had been victoriously accomplished, and we had made
out to escape with life, — father bought a half-section of wild land about
four or five miles to the eastward and began all over again to clear and
fence and break up other fields for a new farm, doubling all the stunting,
heartbreaking chopping, grubbing, stump-digging, rail-splitting,
fence-building, barn-building, house-building, and so forth.
By this time I had learned to run the breaking
plough. Most of these ploughs were very large, turning furrows from eighteen
inches to two feet wide, and were drawn by four or five yoke of oxen. They
were used only for the first ploughing, in breaking up the wild sod woven
into a tough mass, chiefly by the cordlike roots of perennial grasses,
reinforced by the taproots of oak and hickory bushes, called "grubs," some
of which were more than a century old and four or five inches in diameter.
In the hardest ploughing on the most difficult ground, the grubs were said
to be as thick as the hair on a dog's back. If in good trim, the plough cut
through and turned over these grubs as if the century-old wood were soft
like the flesh of carrots and turnips; but if not in good trim the grubs
promptly tossed the plough out of the ground. A stout Highland Scot, our
neighbor, whose plough was in bad order and who did not know how to trim it,
was vainly trying to keep it in the ground by main strength, while his son,
who was driving and merrily whipping up the cattle, would cry encouragingly,
"Haud her in, fayther! Haud her in!"
"But hoo i' the deil can I haud her in when
she'll no stop in?" his perspiring father would reply, gasping for breath
between each word. On the contrary, with the share and coulter sharp and
nicely adjusted, the plough, instead of shying at every grub and jumping
out, ran straight ahead without need of steering or holding, and gripped the
ground so firmly that it could hardly be thrown out at the end of the
furrow. Our breaker
turned a furrow two feet wide, and on our best land, where the sod was
toughest, held so firm a grip that at the end of the field my brother, who
was driving the oxen, had to come to my assistance in throwing it over on
its side to be drawn around the end of the landing; and it was all I could
do to set it up again. But I learned to keep that plough in such trim that
after I got started on a new furrow I used to ride on the crossbar between
the handles with my feet resting comfortably on the beam, without having to
steady or steer it in any way on the whole length of the field, unless we
had to go round a stump, for it sawed through the biggest grubs without
flinching. The growth
of these grubs was interesting to me. When an acorn or hickory-nut had sent
up its first season's sprout, a few inches long, it was burned off in the
autumn grass fires; but the root continued to hold on to life, formed a
callus over the wound and sent up one or more shoots the next spring. Next
autumn these new shoots were burned off, but the root and calloused head,
about level with the surface of the ground, continued to grow and send up
more new shoots; and so on, almost every year until very old, probably far
more than a century, while the tops, which would naturally have become tall
broad-headed trees, were only mere sprouts seldom more than two years old.
Thus the ground was kept open like a prairie, with only five or six trees to
the acre, which had escaped the fire by having the good fortune to grow on a
bare spot at the door of a fox or badger den, or between straggling
grass-tufts wide apart on the poorest sandy soil.
The uniformly rich soil of the Illinois and
Wisconsin prairies produced so close and tall a growth of grasses for fires
that no tree could live on it. Had there been no fires, these fine prairies,
so marked a feature of the country, would have been covered by the heaviest
forests. As soon as the oak openings in our neighborhood were settled, and
the farmers had prevented running grass-fires, the grubs grew up into trees
and formed tall thickets so dense that it was difficult to walk through them
and every trace of the sunny "openings" vanished.
We called our second farm Hickory Hill, from its
many fine hickory trees and the long gentle slope leading up to it. Compared
with Fountain Lake farm it lay high and dry. The land was better, but it had
no living water, no spring or stream or meadow or lake. A well ninety feet
deep had to be dug, all except the first ten feet or so in fine-grained
sandstone. When the sandstone was struck, my father, on the advice of a man
who had worked in mines, tried to blast the rock; but from lack of skill the
blasting went on very slowly, and father decided to have me do all the work
with mason's chisels, a long, hard job, with a good deal of danger in it. I
had to sit cramped in a space about three feet in diameter, and wearily
chip, chip, with heavy hammer and chisels from early morning until dark, day
after day, for weeks and months. In the morning, father and David lowered me
in a wooden bucket by a windlass, hauled up what chips were left from the
night before, then went away to the farm work and left me until noon, when
they hoisted me out for dinner. After dinner I was promptly lowered again,
the forenoon's accumulation of chips hoisted out of the way, and I was left
until night. One
morning, after the dreary bore was about eighty feet deep, my life was all
but lost in deadly choke-damp, — carbonic acid gas that had settled at the
bottom during the night. Instead of clearing away the chips as usual when I
was lowered to the bottom, I swayed back and forth and began to sink under
the poison. Father, alarmed that I did not make any noise, shouted, "What's
keeping you so still?" to which he got no reply. Just as I was settling down
against the side of the wall, I happened to catch a glimpse of a branch of a
bur-oak tree which leaned out over the mouth of the shaft. This suddenly
awakened me, and to father's excited shouting I feebly murmured, "Take me
out." But when he began to hoist he found I was not in the bucket and in
wild alarm shouted, "Get in! Get in the bucket and hold on! Hold on!"
Somehow I managed to get into the bucket, and that is all I remembered until
I was dragged out, violently gasping for breath.
One of our near neighbors, a stone mason and
miner by the name of William Duncan, came to see me, and after hearing the
particulars of the accident he solemnly said: "Weel, Johnnie, it's God's
mercy that you're alive. Many a companion of mine have I seen dead with
choke-damp, but none that I ever saw or heard of was so near to death in it
as you were and escaped without help." Mr. Duncan taught father to throw
water down the shaft to absorb the gas, and also to drop a bundle of brush
or hay attached to a light rope, dropping it again and again to carry down
pure air and stir up the poison. When, after a day or two, I had recovered
from the shock, father lowered me again to my work, after taking the
precaution to test the air with a candle and stir it up well with a
brush-and-hay bundle. The weary hammer-and-chisel-chipping went on as
before, only more slowly, until ninety feet down, when at last I struck a
fine, hearty gush of water. Constant dropping wears away stone. So does
constant chipping, while at the same time wearing away the chipper. Father
never spent an hour in that well. He trusted me to sink it straight and
plumb, and I did, and built a fine covered top over it, and swung two
iron-bound buckets in it from which we all drank for many a day.
The honey-bee arrived in America long before we
boys did, but several years passed ere we noticed any on our farm. The
introduction of the honey-bee into flowery America formed a grand epoch in
bee history. This sweet humming creature, companion and friend of the
flowers, is now distributed over the greater part of the continent, filling
countless hollows in rocks and trees with honey as well as the millions of
hives prepared for them by honey-farmers, who keep and tend their flocks of
sweet winged cattle, as shepherds keep sheep, — a charming employment, "like
directing sunbeams," as Thoreau says. The Indians call the honey-bee the
white man's fly; and though they had long been acquainted with several
species of bumblebees that yielded more or less honey, how gladly surprised
they must have been when they discovered that, in the hollow trees where
before they had found only coons or squirrels, they found swarms of brown
flies with fifty or even a hundred pounds of honey sealed up in beautiful
cells. With their keen hunting senses they of course were not slow to learn
the habits of the little brown immigrants and the best methods of tracing
them to their sweet homes, however well hidden. During the first few years
none were seen on our farm, though we sometimes heard father's hired men
talking about "lining bees." None of us boys ever found a bee tree, or tried
to find any until about ten years after our arrival in the woods. On the
Hickory Hill farm there is a ridge of moraine material, rather dry, but
flowery with goldenrods and asters of many species, upon which we saw bees
feeding in the late autumn just when their hives were fullest of honey, and
it occurred to me one day after I was of age and my own master that I must
try to find a bee tree. I made a little box about six inches long and four
inches deep and wide; bought half a pound of honey, went to the goldenrod
hill, swept a bee into the box and closed it. The lid had a pane of glass in
it so I could see when the bee had sucked its fill and was ready to go home.
At first it groped around trying to get out, but, smelling the honey, it
seemed to forget everything else, and while it was feasting I carried the
box and a small sharp-pointed stake to an open spot, where I could see about
me, fixed the stake in the ground, and placed the box on the flat top of it.
When I thought that the little feaster must be about full, I opened the box,
but it was in no hurry to fly. It slowly crawled up to the edge of the box,
lingered a minute or two cleaning its legs that had become sticky with
honey, and when it took wing, instead of making what is called a bee-line
for home, it buzzed around the box and minutely examined it as if trying to
fix a clear picture of it in its mind so as to be able to recognize it when
it returned for another load, then circled around at a little distance as if
looking for something to locate it by. I was the nearest object, and the
thoughtful worker buzzed in front of my face and took a good stare at me,
and then flew up on to the top of an oak on the side of the open spot in the
centre of which the honey-box was. Keeping a keen watch, after a minute or
two of rest or wing-cleaning, I saw it fly in wide circles round the tops of
the trees nearest the honey-box, and, after apparently satisfying itself,
make a beeline for the hive. Looking endwise on the line of flight, I saw
that what is called a bee-line is not an absolutely straight line, but a
line in general straight made of many slight, wavering, lateral curves.
After taking as true a bearing as I could, I waited and watched. In a few
minutes, probably ten, I was surprised to see that bee arrive at the end of
the outleaning limb of the oak mentioned above, as though that was the first
point it had fixed in its memory to be depended on in retracing the way back
to the honey-box. From the tree-top it came straight to my head, thence
straight to the box, entered without the least hesitation, filled up and
started off after the same preparatory dressing and taking of bearings as
before. Then I took particular pains to lay down the exact course so I would
be able to trace it to the hive. Before doing so, however, I made an
experiment to test the worth of the impression I had that the little insect
found the way back to the box by fixing telling points in its mind. While it
was away, I picked up the honey-box and set it on the stake a few rods from
the position it had thus far occupied, and stood there watching. In a few
minutes I saw the bee arrive at its guide-mark, the overleaping branch on
the tree-top, and thence come bouncing down right to the spaces in the air
which had been occupied by my head and the honey-box, and when the cunning
little honey-gleaner found nothing there but empty air it whirled round and
round as if confused and lost; and although I was standing with the open
honey-box within fifty or sixty feet of the former feasting-spot, it could
not, or at least did not, find it.
Now that I had learned the general direction of
the hive, I pushed on in search of it. I had gone perhaps a quarter of a
mile when I caught another bee, which, after getting loaded, went through
the same performance of circling round and round the honey-box, buzzing in
front of me and staring me in the face to be able to recognize me; but as if
the adjacent trees and bushes were sufficiently well known, it simply looked
around at them and bolted off without much dressing, indicating, I thought,
that the distance to the hive was not great. I followed on and very soon
discovered it in the bottom log of a corn-field fence, but some lucky fellow
had discovered it before me and robbed it. The robbers had chopped a large
hole in the log, taken out most of the honey, and left the poor bees late in
the fall, when winter was approaching, to make haste to gather all the honey
they could from the latest flowers to avoid starvation in the winter. |
