Born
into a wealthy family in 1858, Theodore Roosevelt was a frail asthmatic
who built up his body, until he was a superb athlete and adopted for
himself a strict moral code and a love of the mind.
T.R., as he was called, graduated from
Harvard and married the beautiful Alice Lee in 1880. It seemed a fairytale
life awaited Roosevelt, but on St. Valentine's Day 1884 both his wife and
his mother died. Brokenhearted, T.R. headed west to ranch in the Dakota
territories. There he began a lifelong association with rough and tumble
cowboys. The cowboys gained respect for T.R., an Eastern dude who wore
glasses, when he single handedly tracked three rustlers in a blizzard and
brought them back for trial.
When the Spanish-American War broke out in
April 1898, T.R. helped organize the Rough Riders. They were a volunteer
cavalry outfit consisting of wealthy young Easterners, cowboys from the
West, Mexican-Americans from New Mexico, and Native Americans from what is
now Oklahoma. The regiment became famous for its charge up Kettle Hill
during the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba. T.R. led the charge and
returned to the United States in July a national hero. By fall, he was
elected Republican governor of New York.
Roosevelt was a reformer. He angered many
of the political bosses, so in 1900, they nominated him as vice president
to get rid of him. However in September 1901, President William McKinley
was assassinated and T.R. became America's 26th President.
Roosevelt lost no time in putting his
reform ideas, called progressivism, to work. He busted the powerful
business trusts, which tried to control whole industries and backed mine
workers in their strike against their employers. He was also the first
environmental President, putting millions of acres of land into America's
national forests.
Amazingly popular, T.R. was overwhelmingly
re-elected in 1904. He began digging the Panama Canal and won the Nobel
Peace Prize for ending a war between Russia and Japan. He continued his
attacks on the wealthy. Oh yes, he also managed to read a book each day.
In 1909, T.R. left the presidency and
America a very different place than he had found it. In 1912, he ran
again. When he couldn't get the Republican nomination, which went to
incumbent president William Howard Taft, T.R. launched his independent
Bull Moose candidacy.
So popular was T.R. that most Republicans
went with him and the divided party made sure that Democrat Woodrow Wilson
won the election with TR coming in second and Taft third.
By the time of his death on January 6,
1919, T.R. had already been rated as one of America's great Presidents.
And that greatness was confirmed a few years later, when his face joined
those of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln on Mount Rushmore
in South Dakota.
The first Master of Matinecock Lodge,
William Lincoln Swan, was a close friend and neighbor of the Roosevelt
family. William Jones Youngs, a charter member of Matinecock Lodge and the
personal secretary to Theodore Roosevelt, proposed him for membership. At
the time he completed his petition for membership, Roosevelt was Governor
of New York and Vice-President-elect, having won election with Brother
William McKinley a few weeks earlier. His petition was received
accompanied by the usual $5.00 fee on November 28,1900. On his petition, a
copy of which hangs in Matinecock Lodge, he listed his age as 42, place of
birth, New York City, place of business, Albany, and his occupation,
Governor. Master Theodore A. Swan referred the petition to a committee
consisting of R:.W:.William L. Swan, Bro. Frank W. Bonifer, and W:.William
S. Moore. The petition was favorably reported at the 357th communication
on December 12,1900 and he was duly balloted and elected to membership
that same evening.
At a regular communication on January 2,
1901, Theodore Roosevelt was announced as being in readiness for the first
degree. R:.W:.Bro. Frank E. Haff presided in conferring the degree,
assisted by M:.W:.Bro. John W. Vrooman, Past Grand Master of Masons in the
State of New York; R:.W:.Bro. E.M.L. Ehlers; R:.W:.Bro. Douglass Conklin;
R:.W:.Bro. Frederick P. Morris; and M:.W:.Bro. John Stewart, Past Grand
Master. Eighteen of the twenty lodges within the District were represented
by delegations. There were very many visitors including several M:.W:.many
R:.W:.s, and delegations from 46 lodges. The third floor lodge room in the
Oyster Bay Bank building was very full that evening. Music was provided by
a quartet for a fee of $25 which had been advanced by the Master, Theodore
A. Swan. There is no mention in the minutes of any collation or banquet
following. Arrangements were made for special trains to convey the many
visitors to their respective destinations. A resolution of thanks to the
president of the Long Island Railroad, William H. Baldwin, Esq., was
adopted at the January 16th communication.
Three weeks after his inauguration as Vice
President of the United States on March 4, 1901, Theodore Roosevelt was
announced as being in readiness for examination in the first degree at a
regular communication-on March 27, 1901. After a "very
satisfactory" examination the candidate was passed to the degree of
fellowcraft. It was reported at the time that he knew the material so well
that he corrected those conducting the examination when they erred.
R:.W:.Bro. Frank B. Haff, Meridian #691, presided; with R:.W:.Bro.
Douglass Conklin, Jephtha #494; R:.W:.Bro. John K. Dunn, Jamaica #546;
W:.Bro. Joseph Fitch, Cornucopia #563; and W:.Bro. Joseph Cummings, Altair
#601, assisting. The list of visitors included delegations from eleven
lodges.
During the next few weeks many committees
were appointed for the planning and arrangements for the upcoming raising
of Theodore Roosevelt.
The evening of April 24,1901 was truly a
"Grand Affair." The raising of Theodore Roosevelt was presided
over by R:.W:.Edward M.L. Ehlers, Grand Secretary; with R:.W:.Frank B.
Haff, District Deputy Grand Master-1st District; R:.W:.Theodore A. Taylor,
Grand Treasurer; M:.W:.John Stewart, Past Grand Master; R:.W:.William A.
Brodie, Past Grand Master; M:.W:.John W. Vrooman, Past Grand Master;
M:.W:.Charles W. Mead, Grand Master; R:.W:.George R. VanDeWater, Grand
Chaplain; and M:.W:.Wright D. Pownall, Past Grand Master assisting. In
addition to the Grand Masters of New York and Connecticut being present,
there were seven Past Grand Masters. The secretary, Walter Franklin, must
have been somewhat overwhelmed by the visitor list, which was estimated at
500. Only those holding tickets were permitted entry into the lodge rooms.
The narrow stairway leading to the third floor lodge room was said to have
been so jammed with visitors trying to get in that the Vice President had
to be raised up over the heads of the visitors and passed up the stairs.
Considering Roosevelt's bulk this would seem to have been quite a task.
The Secretary did not list any visitors below the level of R:.W:.
The rooms of Welfare Lodge No.695, I.O.O.F.,
were loaned to Matinecock Lodge for the evening for the use of visiting
brethren. These rooms were located on the second floor of the "truck
house" which was the home of the Hook and Ladder Company #1 on Bayles
Hill (Summit Street), later to be known as Oyster Bay Fire Co. No 1. The
building no longer exists, and the Wightman House, home of the Oyster Bay
Historical Society, now occupies the site. The truck room of Hook and
Ladder Company #1, on the first floor, was used for the collation. The
minutes show that both Welfare Lodge and Hook and Ladder Company #1
donated the use of their facilities. The collation was organized and
managed by Mr. Charles Weeks and Mr. Thomas Buchanan, who also donated
their services, Among those mentioned as serving the guests at the
collation were Mrs. R.F. Spicer, Mrs. Robert I. Ludlam, Mrs. Casper Bedell,
and Miss Laura Baldwin. The organist for the evening was W:.Harry Alton
Russell. Mr. John McQuade, the village constable, took care of
"preserving order" and "refused to make any charge for his
services." As at the first degree, special trains were provided by
the LIRR.
The following September 6th an assassin
shot Brother William McKinley in the Temple of Music at the Pan American
Exposition in Buffalo, New York, and upon his death on September 14, 1901,
Brother Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in as 26th President of the United
States of America. A few days later the following resolution was adopted
and spread upon the minutes of Matinecock Lodge:
"The Master, Wardens and Brethren of
Matinecock Lodge, No. 806, F.& A.M., assembled within their lodge room
on this 18th day of September, 1901, unite with their fellow citizens
throughout the nation and with the entire civilized world, in deploring
the sad and tragic death of the late President of the United States,
Brother William McKinley.
"They desire to express in the
strongest terms their abhorrence and detestation of that lawless spirit
which recognizes no authority either human or divine, and which, if
unchecked in its mad career, will destroy order and civilization in all
lands; and they call upon their brethren of the Masonic fraternity
everywhere to use their utmost efforts to promote that respect for lawful
authority which is the only safeguard of individual and national liberty
and security.
"They would respectfully extend to
Mrs. McKinley and the family of our late President their most sincere and
heartfelt sympathy, and pray that God may comfort them in this hour of
sorrow.
"They would express their high
appreciation of the great honor which has come to Matinecock Lodge by the
elevation of one of its members to the office of Chief Magistrate of the
Nation; and they earnestly invoke upon Brother Roosevelt the blessing of
Almighty God, that his administration may prove in the highest degree
successful.
The life of Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919)
was one of constant activity, immense energy, and enduring
accomplishments. As the twenty-sixth President of the United States,
Roosevelt was the wielder of the Big Stick, the builder of the Panama
Canal, an avid conservationist, and the nemesis of the corporate trusts
that threatened to monopolize American business at the start of the
century. His exploits as a Rough Rider in the Spanish-American War and as
a cowboy in the Dakota Territory were indicative of his spirit of
adventure and love of the outdoors. Reading and hunting were lifelong
passions of his; writing was a lifelong compulsion. Roosevelt wrote more
than three dozen books on topics as different as naval history and African
big game. Whatever his interest, he pursued it with extraordinary zeal.
"I always believe in going hard at everything," he preached time
and again. This was the basis for living what he called the
"strenuous life," and he exhorted it for both the individual and
the nation.
Roosevelt's engaging personality enhanced
his popularity. Aided by scores of photographers, cartoonists, and
portrait artists, his features became symbols of national recognition;
mail addressed only with drawings of teeth and spectacles arrived at the
White House without delay. TR continued to be newsworthy in retirement,
especially during the historic Bull Moose campaign of 1912, while pursuing
an elusive third presidential term. He remains relevant today. This
exhibition is a retrospective look at the man and his portraiture, whose
progressive ideas about social justice, representative democracy, and
America's role as a world leader have significantly shaped our national
character.
Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27,
1858, in a brownstone house on Twentieth Street in New York City. A
re-creation of the original dwelling, now operated by the National Park
Service, replicates the tranquility of Roosevelt's earliest years. His
father, Theodore Roosevelt Sr., was a prosperous glassware merchant, and
was one of the wealthy old Knickerbocker class, whose Dutch ancestors had
been living on Manhattan Island since the 1640s. His mother, Martha
Bulloch, was reputedly one of the loveliest girls to have been born in
antebellum Georgia. Together the parents instilled in their eldest son a
strong sense of family loyalty and civic duty, values that Roosevelt would
himself practice, and would preach from the bully pulpit all of his adult
life.
Unfortunately the affluence to which the
young Theodore grew accustomed could do little to improve the state of his
fragile health. He was a sickly, underweight child, hindered by poor
eyesight. Far worse, however, were the life threatening attacks of asthma
he had to endure until early adulthood. To strengthen his constitution, he
lifted dumbbells and exercised in a room of the house converted into a
gymnasium. He took boxing lessons to defend himself and to test his
competitive spirit. From an early age he never lacked energy or the will
to improve himself physically and mentally. He was a voracious reader and
writer; his childhood diaries reveal much about his interests and the
quality of his expanding mind. Natural science, ornithology, and hunting
were early hobbies of his, which became lifelong.
In the fall of 1876, Roosevelt entered
Harvard University. By the time he graduated magna cum laude, he was
engaged to be married to a beautiful young lady named Alice Lee. The
wedding took place on Roosevelt's twenty-second birthday. Amid the intense
happiness he experienced during his first year of marriage, he laid the
foundations of his historic public career. "I rose like a
rocket," he said years later. Ironically, when he chartered his own
path for public office--the White House in 1912--he failed bitterly. When
others had selected him--as they did for the New York Assembly in 1881,
for the governorship in 1898, and for the vice presidency in 1900--his
election was almost a foregone conclusion. Politics aside, Roosevelt
shaped and molded his life as much as any person could possibly do. He
could not control fate, however. On Valentine's Day, 1884, his mother died
of typhoid fever and his wife died of Bright's disease, two days after
giving birth to a daughter, Alice Lee. Amidst this personal trauma,
Theodore Roosevelt was on the verge of becoming a national presence.
No event had a more profound effect on
Theodore Roosevelt's political career than the assassination of President
William McKinley in September 1901. At the age of forty-two, Vice
President Theodore Roosevelt took the oath of office, becoming the
youngest President of the United States before or since. From the start,
Roosevelt was committed to making the government work for the people, and
in many respects, the people never needed government more. The post-Civil
War industrial revolution had generated enormous wealth and power for the
men who controlled the levers of business and capital. Regulating the
great business trusts to foster fair competition without socializing the
free enterprise system would be one of Roosevelt's primary concerns. The
railroads, labor, and the processed food industry all came under his
scrutiny. Although the regulations he implemented were modest by today's
standards, collectively they were a significant first step in an age
before warning labels and consumer lawsuits.
Internationally, America was on the
threshold of world leadership. Acquisition of the Philippines and Guam
after the recent war with Spain expanded the nation's territorial borders
almost to Asia. The Panama Canal would only increase American trade and
defense interests in the Far East, as well as in Central and South
America. In an age that saw the rise of oceanic steamship travel, the
country's sense of isolation was on the verge of suddenly becoming as
antiquated as yardarms and sails.
A conservative by nature, Roosevelt was
progressive in the way he addressed the nation's problems and modern in
his view of the presidency. If the people were to be served, according to
him, then it was incumbent upon the President to orchestrate the
initiatives that would be to their benefit and the nation's welfare. Not
since Abraham Lincoln, and Andrew Jackson before him, had a President
exercised his executive powers as an equal branch of government. If the
Constitution did not specifically deny the President the exercise of
power, Roosevelt felt at liberty to do so. "Is there any law that
will prevent me from declaring Pelican Island a Federal Bird Reservation?
. . .Very well, then I so declare it!" By executive order in March
1903, he established the first of fifty-one national bird sanctuaries.
These and the national parks and monuments he created are a part of his
great legacy.
Only once in American history had a President
vacated the White House and then returned to it again as President. This
had been Grover Cleveland's unique destiny in 1893. That this had occurred
within recent memory, and to a politician in whose footsteps Roosevelt had
followed as governor of New York and finally as President, must have given
Roosevelt reason to pause as he himself became a private citizen again in
March 1909. He was only fifty years old, the youngest man to leave
the executive office. Cleveland had been just eighteen months older when
he temporarily yielded power to Benjamin Harrison in 1889. For the record,
Roosevelt claimed that he was through with politics. This was the only
thing he could have said as William Howard Taft, his successor, waited in
the wings. Theodore Roosevelt had enjoyed being President as much as any
person possibly could. Filling the post-White House vacuum would require
something big and grand, and with that in mind, Roosevelt planned his
immediate future. The prospect of a yearlong safari in Africa brightened
for him what otherwise would have been the dreary prospect of retirement.
It "will let me down to private life without that dull thud of which
we hear so much," he wrote.
Aided by several British experts, Roosevelt
oversaw every preparation: itinerary, gear and clothing, food and
provisions, weapons, personnel, and expenses. He had been an avid
naturalist and hunter since the days of his youth. Because he was
genuinely interested in the African fauna, he arranged for his safari to
be as scientific as possible, and enticed the Smithsonian Institution to
join the expedition by offering to contribute extensively to its fledgling
collection of wildlife specimens. Roosevelt invited his son, Kermit, along
for companionship, if the lad would be willing to interrupt his first year
of studies at Harvard. Kermit needed no persuading.
The Scottish Ancestors of President
Roosevelt
ROOSEVELT, whose name is unmistakably of Dutch origin, has nevertheless a
more decided ancestral connection with Scotland than with Holland. While on
the
paternal side the President is directly descended from Claes (Nicolas) van
Roosevelt, who settled in America in 1649, with no admixture of other
nationalities save in his grandmother, Margaret Barnhill, of Anglo-American
origin; on the maternal side he can claim kinship with the purely Scottish
families of Stobo, Bulloch of Baldernock, Irvine of Cults, Douglass of
Tilquhillie, and Stewart. His mother, Martha Bulloch, was the direct
descendant of the Rev. Archibald Stobo, who accompanied the Darien
Expedition from Scotland in 1699, was wrecked at Charleston, and remained
there, becoming one of the pioneers of Presbyterianism in America. Stobo’s
romantic career may be briefly outlined.
The first idea of the promoters of the Darien
Expedition in founding a Scottish colony, to be called New Caledonia,
probably was to make an over-sea market for the surplus produce and
manufactures of Scotland, which were excluded from England by heavy tariffs
; and there was also, no doubt, a national desire to show that Scotland
might be made a formidable commercial rival to the southern part of the
kingdom in foreign trade. On 17th July, 1698, five large vessels with 1200
emigrants set sail from Leith, and arrived safely at the Isthmus of Darien
on 3rdNovember. Preparations were made for a settlement; a fort was erected,
and the pioneers began their work hopefully. But disaster soon overtook
them. The climate and the scarcity of food made them the easy prey of
disease. Many of them perished, and on 23rd June, 1699, the survivors
embarked on their four vessels, intending to return home. One of the vessels
was abandoned at sea. The St. Andrew reached Jamaica, having lost her
captain and one hundred men; the Caledonia and the Unicorn reached New York,
having lost three hundred men.
Meanwhile the managers of the
Darien Expedition, having received no intelligence of these disasters, were
busily organising a second relay of emigrants, consisting of fifteen hundred
men. They sent off two ships in advance, from Leith, with three hundred men
and provisions ; but these only reached Darien two months after the colony
had been abandoned. To increase their misfortunes, one of the provision
ships took fire in the harbour, and was destroyed; and the despairing
colonists embarked on their other vessel and left this scene of desolation
long before news of this second misfortune had reached Scotland. The
remaining portion of the second expedition left Bute on 24th September,
1699, in four vessels, containing about thirteen hundred men. They were to
experience even more severe trials. When the Darien Expedition was first
proposed, the spiritual welfare of the colonists had not been neglected. Two
ministers had been sent with the first expedition—Thomas James, from Cleish
parish, and Adam Scott, from Jedburgh Presbytery. Both of them died on the
outward passage. For the second expedition four ministers were appointed by
the General Assembly, and it is with one of these that we have special
concern. These four ministers were Alexander Shields, of the Second Charge
in St. Andrews ; Francis Borland of Glasford ; and two probationers,
Alexander Dalgleish and Archibald Stobo. They reached their destination on
30th November, and landed amid much discouragement. Nevertheless they set to
work bravely, and there were some hopes of prosperity when another band of
emigrants arrived at Darien. Three months after the settlement of the second
expedition (March, 1700), Captain Campbell of Finab reached Darien in one of
his own vessels, bringing with him a large number of his clansmen who had
fought under his command in Flanders. He had entered enthusiastically into
the Darien Scheme, and he soon found occasion to prove his sincerity.
Shortly after he landed a
party of Spaniards, sixteen hundred strong, marched against the Scottish
settlers, and encamped at Tubucantee, awaiting the arrival of eleven Spanish
war vessels that had been ordered to Darien to expel the intruders. Captain
Campbell was chosen as leader of the Scots, and with two hundred men he put
the Spaniards to flight. Five days after the return of this troop to Darien
the Spanish fleet arrived, and landed troops to besiege the fort. For six
weeks the Scotsmen remained in their beleaguered fortress, resisting the
enemy; but when their ammunition was exhausted, most of their officers
killed, and their water supply cut off, they capitulated with the honours of
war, and agreed to abandon the isthmus. In the seven ships which remained
the Scottish settlers embarked for home, intending to make first for the
nearest British colonies. Only two of these vessels reached Scotland. Many
of the emigrants died on the homeward passage, and it is stated that of the
entire colony not more than thirty, saved from pestilence, war, shipwreck,
and famine, ever saw their native land again.’ (Hanna’s The Scotch-Irish in
America, vol. ii. p. 13.) The fate of the four ministers who accompanied the
second expedition was peculiarly sad. Alexander Dalgleish, like the two
ministers first sent out, died in November, 1699, on the passage to Darien
after the ship had left Montserrat. Alexander Shields, of St. Andrews, after
enduring all the tribulation of the siege and the expulsion from Darien,
made his way in one of the homewardbound ships to Jamaica, and died there of
malignant fever, at Port Royal, on 14th June, 1700. Francis Borland, who had
left his charge at Glasford, in Hamilton Presbytery, to take up duty in
Darien, and who witnessed the removal by disease and death of over two
thousand of his associates, alone survived among the four ministers to
return to Scotland, and took up his former parish work, arriving there on
27th July, 1701. He wrote the Memoirs of Darien, published at Glasgow in
1715 (reprinted at Glasgow as The History of Darien in 1779), which is the
only account of the expedition written by an eye-witness. He died on
24th December, 1722, having, as he expressed it, ‘experienced a great
variety of Providence, and many tossings, both by sea and land, and seen
much of the wonderful goodness of God in all of them.’
The name of Archibald Stobo, the fourth of these
ministers, appears in Laing’s Catalogue of Edinburgh Graduates as having
taken his degree of M.A. at the University on 25th June, 1697. There is no
record of his having been licensed as a preacher before his appointment by
the General Assembly as one of the Darien ministers; but probably his
selection for this office would be tantamount to licensing. The date of his
birth has not been ascertained. As he and his wife, Elizabeth Stobo, sailed
together for Darien in September, 1699, it is likely that he would then be
about 25 years of age. When the final disaster overtook the colony, Stobo
and his wife and daughter, Jean, went on board the Rising Sun, the largest
of the four vessels that had sailed from Bute. The course of the vessel was
shaped for Jamaica, but malignant fever prevailed among the passengers, and
many died shortly after leaving Darien. When off the coast of Florida a
terrible storm arose, which carried away the masts, and with great
difficulty the labouring craft made its way to Charleston Harbour with
temporary spars and rigging. While the Rising Sun was lying at Charleston
for repairs and supplies, a deputation from
some of the Scottish residents invited Stobo to preach to them. He
consented, and went ashore with his daughter, leaving his wife and twelve
other persons on board the vessel, which then lay off Charleston bar,
waiting to be lightened that she might be brought into the harbour. During
the night a fearful hurricane arose, and the disabled Rising Sun went to
pieces, and all on board were drowned. ‘Thus bereft of the only inducement
to return to Scotland, and left in a strange land with his motherless child,
Archibald Stobo decided to remain in Charleston, and to fulfil his mission
as a minister there. In 1700 he organised the Scotch Presbyterian Church in
Charleston, and during the first thirty years of his labours there he
founded six other churches in South Carolina—Cainhoy, James’s Island, John’s
Island, Edisto Island, Wilton, and Bethel. His death took place in 1740-41,
and his name is still honourably mentioned in the history of the
Presbyterian Churches in America. It is through his daughter, Jean Stobo,
that President Roosevelt claims his first relationship to Scotland.
The Bullochs of Baldernock, Stirlingshire, are
supposed to derive their descent from the same stock as the famous William
Bullok, Chamberlain to David II., and the family remained at Baldernock for
about four centuries. One branch had gone to Glasgow about the middle of the
seventeenth century, and in that city James Bulloch was born in 1701. When
27 years of age he emigrated to Charleston, and met the Rev. Archibald
Stobo.In the following year (1729) he was married to Jean Stobo, and they
had one son, Archibald Bulloch, who had a most distinguished colonial
career. He was Delegate from Georgia to the Continental Congress of 1775,
was elected to the Congress of 1776, became President and Commander-in-Chief
of Georgia in that year, and, as President, signed the first Constitution of
the State of Georgia. He died in 1777. He had married Mary De Veaux,
daughter of James De Veaux, of Huguenot descent, who was Senior Judge of the
King’s Court in the Province of Georgia, and of this marriage there was one
son, James Bulloch, born 1765. This James Bulloch was married to Anne
Irvine, daughter of Dr. John Irvine, and she represented the Deeside
families of Irvine of Cults, Douglass of Tilquhillie and Inchmarlo, and Horn
of West Hall. James Bulloch died in 1806, leaving a son, James Stephens
Bulloch, who rose to the rank of Major in the U.S. Army. Major Bulloch
married Martha Stewart, daughter of General Daniel Stewart, a distinguished
officer in the Revolution, whose grandfather, John Stewart, was one of the
early Scottish colonists in America. Martha Bulloch, daughter of Major
Stephens Bulloch, was married to Theodore Roosevelt on 22nd December, 1853,
and was the mother of the present
President of the United States, who was born in New York City on 27th
October, 1858. The strain of blood in Theodore Roosevelt’s veins may thus be
equally claimed by Scotland and Holland. The following table, principally
founded upon Hanna’s The Scotch-Irish in America, shows the President's
double ancestry:
A. H. Mitvar. |