The country comprises
about 600 small islands and has some 5,150 km of coastline; only 13 per
cent of people live in urban areas, the lowest proportion in the
Commonwealth.
Papua New Guinea has more than 800 indigenous languages, thought to be
more than any other country in the world.
Key facts
Joined Commonwealth: 1975
Population: 7,321,000 (2013)
GDP: 1.9% p.a. 1990–2013
UN HDI: world ranking 157
Official language: English
Timezone: GMT plus 10hr
Currency: kina (K)
Geography
Area: 462,840 sq km
Coastline: 5,150km
Capital city: Port Moresby
Population density (per sq. km): 16
The Independent State of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific shares a
land-border with Indonesia; its other near neighbours are Australia to
the south and Solomon Islands to the east.
Papua New Guinea includes the eastern half of the world’s second biggest
island, New Guinea, bordering the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya to
the west. The rest of the country is made up of about 600 small islands,
the chief of which are the Bismarck Archipelago, the Trobriands, the
Louisiade Archipelago, the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, and some of the
islands in the Solomons group, including Bougainville.
The country comprises 22 provinces including the National Capital
District (greater Port Moresby) and the Autonomous Region of
Bougainville.
Main towns:
Port Moresby (capital, pop. 364,125 in 2011), Lae (Morobe, 155,000),
Arawa (on Bougainville, 38,600), Mount Hagen (Western Highlands,
29,176), Madang (Madang, 29,100), Wewak (East Sepik, 27,031), Goroka
(Eastern Highlands, 16,700), Kimbe (on New Britain, 16,004), Daru (Fly
River, 14,373), Vanimo (Sandaun, 13,357), Alotau (Milne Bay, 12,628),
Kundiawa (Simbu, 11,455), Popondetta (Oro, 10,200), Kavieng (on New
Ireland, 9,900), Bulolo (Morobe, 9,850), Mendi (Southern Highlands,
8,500), Kokopo (on New Britain, 6,300), Wau (Morobe, 4,950) and Rabaul
(on New Britain, 3,945).
Transport:
Construction of roads is hampered by the rugged mountainous environment
and the total national road network extends to 19,600 km, 3.5 per cent
paved. Port Moresby is perhaps the only capital city that is not linked
by road with the rest of the country. There is no railway.
Principal ports are Alotau (on the southern tip of New Guinea), Port
Moresby (on the south coast), and Lae, Madang and Wewak (on the north
coast), Rabaul (in New Britain), Kieta (Bougainville) and Momote (Manus
Island). As there are relatively few roads, river transport is
important, for both freight and passengers, and particularly on the
River Sepik.
The international airport is Port Moresby at Jackson Field, 11 km from
the city. Domestic air services run to all centres of population and
industry.
International relations:
Papua New Guinea is a member of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group
of States, Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation, Non- Aligned Movement,
Pacific Community, Pacific Islands Forum, United Nations and World Trade
Organization.
Topography:
The centre of the main island is a rugged mountainous ridge, with
several wide valleys, and foothills north and south. The rivers Sepik
and Ramu drain the foothills to the north, and the rivers Fly, Kikori
and Purari those in the south. Though fast-flowing, many rivers are
navigable. There are active volcanoes along the north coast, and some
volcanoes and warm pools in the south-east islands.
Climate:
Tropical monsoon type, hot and humid all year, though somewhat cooler in
the highlands. Rainfall is chiefly from December to March. High
mountains receive occasional frost, even snow.
Environment:
The most significant environmental issues are rainforest deforestation
as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; pollution
from mining projects; and severe drought.
Vegetation:
Rich and very varied: five kinds of lowland, and 13 kinds of mountain
rainforest, five kinds of palm and swamp forests, three differing
mangrove forests, and the world’s greatest variety of orchid species.
Forest covers 63 per cent of the land area, having declined at 0.5 per
cent p.a. 1990–2010. Arable land comprises one per cent and permanent
cropland two per cent of the total land area.
Wildlife:
There are no large mammals but a rich variety of marsupials, reptiles
and some 700 species of birds, including 38 species of the spectacular
bird of paradise and related bower-birds. Papua New Guinea also has many
thousands of unusual species of insect including the world’s largest
species of butterfly, the Queen Alexandra birdwing, and brilliant green
scarab beetles which are used for jewellery. Indigenous marsupials
include tree kangaroos, wallabies, bandicoots, cuscus and spiny
anteaters. Dugongs live in the waters near the coast. The creation of
national parks was a slow process, the government being reluctant to
interfere with traditional methods of land tenure, but there are now
four national parks, and protection measures have been introduced,
banning the export of birds of paradise. Some 39 mammal species and 32
bird species are thought to be endangered (2014).
History:
Melanesian people inhabited the area from 3000 or 2000 BCE, living in
groups isolated by dense forest. In consequence, no larger social order
developed, and even today, more than 700 languages are spoken. Spanish
and Portuguese sailors sighted the land in the early 16th century. There
was some limited exploration in the 19th century, and a few settlements
made. In 1884, Germany annexed the northern parts and Britain proclaimed
a protectorate over the southern parts (which were formally annexed by
Britain in 1888 and became British New Guinea). In 1906, Australia took
over British New Guinea, renamed a year earlier as the Territory of
Papua. The Australian army occupied German New Guinea in World War I and
in 1920 Australia received from the League of Nations a mandate for the
government of New Guinea, as it was then called.
In 1942 the Japanese army occupied parts of New Guinea and Papua; the
Australian military administered the rest. Under the Papua and New
Guinea Act of 1949, the two parts were united for administration as the
Territory of Papua and New Guinea and put under United Nations
International Trusteeship.
The Act also set up a legislative council, under an administrator, with
28 members, of whom three were elected, nine appointed and 16 official.
There had to be at least three Papua New Guineans among the appointed
members. Under the Papua and New Guinea Act of 1963, the council became
a house of assembly, with 64 members, ten of them nominated official
members.
Consequently, at its opening in June 1964, the Assembly had a majority
of elected Papua New Guineans. The following year, the House set up a
Select Committee on Constitutional Development, whose recommendations
were put into effect in 1967, when the number of elected seats in the
House was increased to 84, and in 1968, when a new ministerial system
was adopted and an Administrator’s executive council set up.
In 1970 an appointed spokesman for this council was recognised as the
House’s leader for government business. In 1971 the Select Committee
recommended that the Territory prepare for self- government. Elections
were held in April 1972. The House had 100 elected members, with an
additional three appointed and four official members, and Michael Somare
became Chief Minister of a coalition government. Self-government was
granted at the end of 1973 and in the spring of 1975 Australia gave up
certain remaining powers over defence and foreign affairs.
In September 1975 Papua New Guinea proceeded to full independence,
becoming an independent sovereign state as a constitutional monarchy
with Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, represented by
Governor-General, Sir John Guise, a Papua New Guinean.
Sir Michael Somare, the Prime Minister at independence, was returned at
the 1977 elections, but a parliamentary defeat in 1980 led to his
replacement as Prime Minister by Sir Julius Chan, leader of the People’s
Progress Party, until 1982 when parliament re- elected Somare. The 1987
elections brought in another coalition government, headed by Paias
Wingti. Somare resigned as leader of the Pangu Pati in May 1988 and a
month later his successor, Sir Rabbie Namaliu, became Prime Minister,
after Wingti had lost a vote of no confidence in the House. Paias Wingti
was returned at the elections of 1992. Sir Julius Chan again became
Prime Minister in 1994, following a leadership challenge and Supreme
Court ruling. In early 1997 the government dispatched foreign
mercenaries to Bougainville. The defence force rounded up and expelled
the mercenaries and called for the Prime Minister’s resignation. Chan
dismissed the defence force chief, but the army refused to recognise his
successor and Chan himself resigned in March 1997. The cabinet appointed
a caretaker government headed by the Minister for Mining and Petroleum,
John Giheno.
In the elections held in June 1997, 16 ministers (including Chan) lost
their seats and Bill Skate, the Governor of Port Moresby, was elected
Prime Minister by parliament after a month of negotiations. He headed a
four-party coalition comprising his People’s National Congress, the
People’s Democratic Congress and the two constituents of the previous
ruling coalition, the People’s Progress Party and the Pangu Pati. Beset
by corruption scandals and an acute financial crisis, by mid-1999 Skate
found his political support, which had at best been fragile, dwindling
rapidly. In June 1999 he could no longer count on a majority in
parliament, he resigned as Prime Minister in July shortly before
parliament started its new session, and Sir Mekere Morauta emerged as
his successor.
Bougainville
The greatest threat to stability since independence has been the
attempted secession of the island of Bougainville, the site of the
Panguna copper mine and one of the underpinnings of Papua New Guinea’s
economy in the 1980s. In 1990, a group calling itself the Bougainville
Revolutionary Army (BRA) led a movement for secession by the island from
Papua New Guinea. This act followed a period of violent political
upheaval centred on the copper mine, and then spread through the
island’s society. Initially, the revolt was focused on the environmental
damage caused by the mine and the lack of royalties being paid to the
Bougainvilleans.
Numerous attempts were made to solve the problem, which damaged Papua
New Guinea’s economy and destroyed Bougainville’s, and led to years of
violence with many atrocities and the destruction of the mine and other
infrastructure.
By 1994 some secessionist leaders were becoming dissatisfied with the
hard-line stance of the BRA. At a meeting with the Prime Minister in
November 1994, after which the Mirigina Charter was established, they
agreed to the setting up of a transitional administration for the North
Solomons Province (the Bougainville Transitional Government), which
would have a council of chiefs nominating members of the provincial
assembly. This administration was established in early 1995, with
Theodore Miriung as its Premier and talks on increased autonomy
continued.
In October 1996 Premier Miriung was assassinated. Miriung was replaced
by Gerard Sinato, who immediately called for tripartite talks between
the BTG, the BRA and the Papua New Guinea Government. The government,
however, had decided on a military solution and in early 1997 it
contracted a group of foreign mercenaries to impose a permanent
resolution of the Bougainville crisis. However, Papua New Guinea’s
defence force immediately took to the streets and detained and then
expelled the mercenaries.
In October 1997, following talks in Christchurch, New Zealand, a truce
was signed between the new government and many of the Bougainville
separatists, though not the BRA led by Francis Ona. After further
negotiations, in January 1998 a permanent peace and amnesty were agreed
with all the secessionists, taking effect after an official signing
ceremony at the end of April 1998, and ending a nine-year conflict which
had claimed the lives of some 20,000 people.
A process of negotiation on greater autonomy was initiated: a
Bougainville assembly was established in January 1999; the Bougainville
Reconciliation Government (BRG) was elected in May 1999 and Joseph Kabui
voted President at its first sitting; and he then appointed a team to
conduct the negotiations.
In March 2000, the ‘Loloata Understanding’ was concluded between the BRG
and the Papua New Guinea Government, setting up the Bougainville Interim
Provincial Government.
The Bougainville Peace Agreement was signed in Arawa in August 2001,
providing for special autonomous status for Bougainville, with a gradual
draw-down of substantial self- government powers from the Papua New
Guinea Government, and the promise of a referendum on independence to be
held between 2015 and 2020. These terms were enshrined in Bougainville’s
constitution which was approved by the Papua New Guinea Parliament in
December 2004. The first Autonomous Bougainville Government was elected
in May/June 2005, and a former leader of the pro-independence movement,
Joseph Kabui, was elected President. James Tanis was elected President
of Bougainville in a by-election held in December 2008, following the
death of President Kabui in June that year.
The second Autonomous Bougainville Government elections were held in
Bougainville in May 2010. Former Provincial Governor John Momis was
elected President with 52.4 per cent of the votes, while a large
proportion of new members representing various political factions were
elected to the House of Representatives.
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