CATHCART,
a surname supposed to be derived from Kerkert, or caer-cart, ‘the
castle on the Cart,’ a river in Renfrewshire. Mr. Ramsay, in his
‘Sketches’ of that county, prefers the etymology Caeth-cart, ‘the
strait of Cart,’ the river at the parish of Cathcart running in a narrow
channel. The surname was first assumed by the proprietors of the lands
and barony of Kethcart in the reign of William the Lion, who succeeded
to the crown in 1165.
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CATHCART,
earl of, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom, possessed by a
family of the same surname of great antiquity in the west of Scotland,
conferred in 1814 on William, Lord Cathcart (a baron in the peerage of
Scotland, date of creation 1447) for his military services. this noble
family’s great ancestor, Rainaldus de Kethcart, as early as 1178, was
witness to a charter by Alan, the son of Walter, ‘dapifer regis,’ of the
patronage of the church of Kathcart, to the monastery of Paisley.
William de Kethcart, his son, is witness to a charter, whereby Dungallus
filius Christinin judicis de Levenax exchanged the lands of Knoc with
the abbey of Paisley, for lands lying near Walkinshaw; to which Alan his
son is also a witness, about 1199 of 1200. His son Alan de Cathcart
appends his seal to a resignation made by the judge of Levenax to the
abbot and convent of Paisley, of the lands of Culbethe in 1234. He is
also witness to a charter, dated in 1240, of the great steward of
Scotland to Sir Adam Fullarton of the lands of Fullarton, in the
bailiary of Kyle. He had a daughter, Cecilia, married to John de
Perthick; this lady made a donation to the monastery of Paisley of all
her lands in the village of Rutherglen in 1262; and a son, William de
Cathcart, one of the barons of Scotland who swore fealty to Edward the
first in 1296.
Sir Alan de
Cathcart, his son, was one of the patriotic barons who gave effectual
aid to Robert the Bruce in maintaining the independence of Scotland. He
was with Bruce at the battle of Loudonhill in 1307, when the English
troops under the earl of Pembroke were defeated. The following year he
formed one of a party of fifty horsemen under Edward Bruce, who, under
cover of a thick mist, surprised on their march, fifteen hundred cavalry
under John St. John in Galloway, attacked and dispersed them. The
particulars of this recontre he related to Barbour, who thus describes
him:
“A knight that then was on his rout,
Worthy and wight, stalwart and stout,
Courteous and fair, and of good fame,
Sir Alan Cathcart was his name.”
On this Lord Hailes
remarks, “It is pleasing to trace a family likeness in an ancient
portrait.” [Annals of Scotland, vol. ii. p. 25, note.] He
is designed dominus ejusdem in a donation which he made to the Domincans
of Glasgow in 1336. By his wife, the sister of Sir Duncan Wallace of
Sundrum, the fourth husband of Eleanor Bruce, countess of Carrick, he
had a son, Alan de Cathcart, who succeeded him. On the death of Sir
Duncan Wallace about 1374, without issue, Alan de Cathcart, in right of
his wife, inherited the baronies of Sundrum and Dalmellington in
Ayrshire.
His son, Alan
de Cathcart, dominus ejusdem, entered himself a hostage for King James
the First in England in June 1424, in room of Malcolm Fleming. He died
in 1440.
His grandson,
Sir Alan de Cathcart, added largely to his paternal estate. In 1447 he
redeemed several lands in Carrick from John Kennedy of Coyff, which had
been mortgaged by Sir Alan de Cathcart his grandfather. The same year he
was, by James the Second, raised to the Scots peerage by the title of
Lord Cathcart. Hi obtained by charter the lands of Auchencruive and
other lands in Ayrshire, 2d July 1465, and on 11th April
1481, he was sworn into the office of warden of the west marches, at
Holyroodhouse. He had a grant from King James the Third of the custody
of his majesty’s castle of Dundonald and of the lands thereof in
Ayrshire, 13th December 1482. He also obtained the lands of
Trabeath in King’s Kyle, then in the crown by the forfeiture of Lord
Boyd, and in 1485, he was constituted master of the artillery. He died
before 12th August 1499. By his wife, Janet Maxwell, he had
four sons, and one daughter, namely Alan, master of Cathcart, who
predeceased his father, leaving a son, John, second Lord Cathcart:
David, who also died before his father; Hugh, ancestor of the Cathcarts
of Trevor, and John of Gabryne. Helen, the daughter, married David
Stewart of Craigiehall in the county of Linlithgow.
John, second
Lord Cathcart, succeeded on the death of his grandfather. He had a
charter to himself and Margaret Douglas, his wife, of the lands of
Auchencruive, 12th August 1499, and other lands in Ayrshire,
forfeited to the king, as steward of Scotland, for the alienation of the
greater part of the same by the first Lord Cathcart, without his
majesty’s consent, 6th March 1505. He died in December 1535.
He married, first, Margaret, daughter of John Kennedy of Blairquhan, by
whom he had a son, Alan, master of Cathcart; secondly, Margaret,
daughter of William Douglas of Drumlanrig, and by her he had four sons
and four daughter. Alan, master of Cathcart, and his two half-brothers,
Robert and John, were killed at Flodden. Robert married Margaret,
daughter and heiress of Alan Cathcart of Carleton, and by her he had a
son, Robert Cathcart, from whom are descended Sir John Andrew Cathcart
of Carleton and Killochan castle, Ayrshire, baronet, (baronetcy
conferred in 1703), and the Cathcarts of Genoch. The third son of the
second marriage, David Cathcart, married Agnes, daughter of Sir George
Crawford of Liffnorris, by whom he had Alan, his son and heir, who added
to his paternal estate bye barony of Carbiston, by marrying Janet,
daughter and heiress of William Cathcart of Carbiston. From him were
descended Major James Cathcart of Carbiston, of the nineteenth regiment
of light dragoons, who distinguished himself in the East Indies, and his
brother, Captain Robert Cathcart, royal navy. The fourth son of the
second marriage was Hugh, ancestor of the Cathcarts of Coiff, a family
now extinct.
Alan, third
Lord Cathcart, the son of Alan, master of Cathcart, by his second wife
Margaret, daughter of Patrick Maxwell of Newark, succeeded his
grandfather in 1535. He fell at the battle of Pinkie 10th
September 1547. By Helen, his wife, eldest daughter of the second Lord
Sempill, he had a son, Alan, fourth Lord Cathcart, and a daughter,
Mariot, married to Gilbert Graham of Knockdolian in Carrick. About 1546
his lordship sold his estate of Cathcart to his wife’s uncle, Gabriel
Sempill of Ladymuir, younger son os the first Lord Sempill. In this
branch of the Sempills the estate continued till the beginning of the
eighteenth century, when it was sold to John Maxwell of Williamwood. In
the end of the century it was disposed of in parcels. The castle and
principal messuage were acquired by James Hill, from whose
representatives they were purchased by the tenth lord and first earl of
Cathcart in 1801. Thus, after the lapse of two centuries and a half,
this portion of the barony returned to the direct male heir of its
ancient owners. The earl afterwards acquired another portion named
Symshill.
Alan, fourth
Lord Cathcart, was a zealous promoter of the Reformation, particularly
in the west, where his influence was great. In 1562, when John Knox was
preaching in Kyle, a bond was drawn up for the maintenance of the
reformed religion, which was signed by many of the barons and gentlemen
of Ayrshire, among whom Lord Cathcart’s name appears. In 1567 he entered
into the bond of association for the defence of James the Sixth. At the
battle of Langside, 13th May 1568, he fought at the head of
his vassals, on the side of the regent Murray. A place is still pointed
out on an eminence fully in view of the field of battle, and near the
castle of Cathcart, where the unfortunate Mary anxiously awaited the
result. In 1579 he was appointed master of the household, and on 28th
January 1581, he subscribed the second confession of faith, commonly
called the King’s Confession, which was signed by his majesty and his
household with several others. During the regency of the earl of Morton
he had several grants from the crown, which were afterwards resumed. His
lordship died in 1618. He had married Margaret, daughter of John Wallace
of Craigy, by whom he had a son, Alan, master of Cathcart, who died
before his father in 1603, leaving by his wife, Isabel, daughter of
Thomas Kennedy of Bargany, a son, Alan, fifth Lord Cathcart.
The fifth Lord
Cathcart was served heir to his grandfather, 8th May 1619,
and died on 18th August 1628. He married, first, Lady
Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of Francis earl of Bothwell, without
issue; secondly, Jean, daughter of Sir Alexander Colquhoun of Luss, and
by her had a son, Alan, sixth Lord Cathcart, born in 1628, the same year
his father died. He is described as a nobleman of much goodness and
probity, but does not seem to have taken any prominent part in public
affairs. His attendance in parliament is mentioned in Balfour’s Annals,
in the second session of the second triennial parliament, 23d June 1649,
with the remark that “there were ten noblemen only present from the
downsitting to this day, – often fewer, but never more.” He died 13th
June 1709, in the eighty-first year of his age. He married Marion,
eldest daughter of David Boswell of Auchinleck, and had three sons,
namely, Alan, seventh lord; Hon. James; and Hon. David Cathcart, killed
in the public service at the time of the Revolution.
Alan, seventh
Lord Cathcart, born about 1647, was in his sixty-second year when he
succeeded his father. He died in 1732, in the eighty-fifth year of his
age. He married the Hon. Elizabeth Dalrymple, second daughter of James
first Viscount Stair, the eminent lawyer, and had three sons and one
daughter. Alan, the eldest son, perished at sea in August 1699, on his
passage to Holland. Charles, the second son, became eighth Lord
Cathcart; and James, the third son, a major in the army, was killed in a
duel by Gordon of Ardoch. The daughter, Hon. Margaret Cathcart, married
Sir John Whitefoord of Blairquhan, baronet, and had issue.
Charles, the
eighth lord, born about 1686, was a distinguished military commander. He
entered early into the army, and had a captain’s commission 29th
June 1703. In the following year he went over to Flanders, where he had
a company in General Macartney’s regiment, and soon afterwards he
commanded the grenadier company. He quitted that regiment in 1706 for a
troop in the second regiment of dragoons or royal Scots Greys. In 1707
he acted as major of brigade under the earl of Stair. In 1709 he became
major in the Scots Greys, and was afterwards promoted to be
lieutenant-colonel of that distinguished corps. On the accession of
George the First, he was appointed one of the grooms of his majesty’s
bed-chamber. At the breaking out of the rebellion of 1715, he, being
then Colonel Cathcart, joined the duke of Argyle at Stirling, and, on
23d October, was despatched by his grace with a detachment of dragoons
against a body of the rebels, consisting of two hundred foot and one
hundred horse, who had been sent towards the town of Dunfermline, for
the purpose of raising contributions. Receiving intelligence that they
had passed Castle Campbell, and had taken up their quarters for the
night in a village on the road, Colonel Cathcart continued his march
during the whole night, and coming upon their resting-place unperceived
at five o’clock in the morning, surprised the party, some of whom were
taken while in bed. In the fray several of the insurgents were killed
and wounded , and the prisoners amounted to eleven gentlemen and six
servants. He returned to the camp at Stirling the same evening, having
sustained no loss, as only one of his men was wounded in the cheek, and
one horse hurt. At the battle of Sheriffmuir, which followed, 13th
November, when Argyle perceived that he could make no impression in
front upon the numerous masses of the insurgents, and that he might be
outflanked by them, he resolved to attack them on their flank with part
of his cavalry, while his foot should gall them with their fire in
front. He therefore ordered Colonel Cathcart to move along the morass to
the right with a strong body of cavalry, and to fall upon the flank of
Mar’s left wing, a movement which he executed with great skill.
Cathcart, after receiving a fire from the rebel horse, immediately
charged them, but they sustained the assault with great firmness. After
nearly half-an-hour’s contest, however, they were compelled to give way,
and the rebel foot being also forced to fall back, a general rout of the
left wing of the insurgents in consequence ensued.
Colonel
Cathcart was promoted to the command of the 9th regiment of
foot, 15th February 1717, and of the 31st, 13th
August 1728. On 1st January 1731 he received the command of
the 8th dragoons. He succeeded his father as Lord Cathcart in
1732, and was appointed one of the lords of the bedchamber to George the
Second in January 1783, in room of the duke of Hamilton resigned. He was
made colonel of the third regiment of horse or carbineers, 7th
August 1733. He was chosen one of the sixteen representative Scots peers
at the general election of 1734. In the following year he was appointed
governor of Duncannon fort, and in 1739 of Londonderry, with the rank of
major-general in the army.
In 1740, after
war had been declared against Spain, it was resolved to attack the
Spanish dominions in South America, and Lord Cathcart was appointed
general and commander in-chief of all the British forces in this
service. He sailed from Spithead in October of that year, but never
reached his destination, as he died at sea, after thirteen days’
illness, 20th December 1740, aged fifty-four years, and was
buried on the beach of Prince Rupert’s bay, Dominica, where a monument
is erected to his memory. His death, happening at the time it did, was
considered as a national loss. His lordship married, first at London, 29th
March 1718, Marion, only child of Sir John Shaw, baronet, of Greenock,
county of Renfrew, and by her, who died in 1733, he had five sons and
five daughters. The eldest two, twins, died young. Charles, the third
son, succeeded as ninth Lord Cathcart. The Hon. Shaw Cathcart, the
fourth son, an ensign in the third regiment of foot guards, fell in the
sanguinary battle of Fontenoy, 30th April 1745, in his
twenty-third year, unmarried. Lord Cathcart married, secondly, in 1739,
Mrs. Sabine, the daughter of a Mr. Malyn of Southwark and Battersea, but
by her he had no issue. The history of this lady was somewhat
remarkable. She married, first, James Fleet, Esq., lord of the manor of
Tewing in Hertfordshire; secondly, Captain Sabine, younger brother of
General Joseph Sabine of Quinohall in Tewing; thirdly, Lord Cathcart,
fourthly, 18th May 1745, Hugh MacGuire, an Irish officer in
the Hungarian service, for whom she purchased a lieutenant-colonel’s
commission in the British army, but was not encouraged by his treatment
of her to verify the posey on her wedding ring:
“If I
survive, I shall have five.”
The colonel took her
over to Ireland, and secluded her in a solitary place in the country,
keeping her to confinement till his death, which, to her great
satisfaction, happened in 1764, when she returned to England. She danced
at Welwyn assembly when past eighty years of age, with all the spirit
and gaiety of a young woman. She died at Tewing 3d August 1789, in her
ninety-eighth year, after having enjoyed the liferent of the manor of
Tewing for fifty-six years. In the well-known novel of Castle Rackrent,
by Maria Edgeworth, and her brother, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, several
particulars concerning the harsh treatment of Lady Cathcart by col.
MacGuire are given by Mr. Edgeworth, who mentions that he was acquainted
with Colonel MacGuire, and had lately questioned the servant who lived
with him, during the time that Lady Cathcart was confined by him, which
was nearly twenty years.
Charles, ninth
Lord Cathcart, born at Edinburgh 21st March 1731, was also an
officer of distinction. He succeeded his father in 1740, and became a
captain in the 20th regiment of foot in 1742. He was
aide-de-camp to field-marshal the earl of Stair, under whom he served at
the battle of Dettingen, June 16, 1743. Subsequently he was appointed
one of the lords of the bedchamber to the duke of Cumberland, and was
aide-de-camp to his royal highness, commander-in-chief at the
hard-fought battle of Fontenoy, April 30, 1745, where his lordship was
severely wounded in the face, and his only brother fell. He accompanied
the duke, with three others of his aides-de-camp, when, in January 1746,
he arrived in Scotland to put down the rebellion, and was present at the
battle of Culloden, where he was wounded. He was also wounded at the
battle of Laffeldt, July 2, 1747. In the following year Lord Cathcart
and the earl of Sussex were nominated hostages for the delivery of Cape
Breton to the king of France, in virtue of the treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle. They were presented to Louis the Fifteenth, 27th
November 1748, and remained in France till October 1749. On 12th
April 1750, his lordship was appointed adjutant-general to the forces in
North Britain, with the rank of colonel. In November 1762, he was
elected one of the sixteen Scots representative peers, and re-chosen at
all succeeding elections during his life. In 1755, he was appointed lord
high commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and
continued to fill that high office for the eight subsequent years to
1763, inclusive. He attained the rank of major-general, 21st
January, 1758, and of lieutenant-general, 14th December 1760.
In June 1761, he was appointed governor of Dumbarton castle, and in 1763
was invested with the order of the Thistle. In January 1764 he was named
first lord of police, on which he resigned the governorship of Dumbarton
castle.
In February
1768 Lord Cathcart was appointed ambassador extraordinary and minister
plenipotentiary to the empress of Russia, and was sworn a privy
councillor, 2d August same year. He remained at St. Petersburg till
1771, Russia being at that time engaged in a war with Turkey. After his
return from St. Petersburg he was re-appointed lord high commissioner to
the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, from 1773 to 1776, both
inclusive. In the latter year he was constituted on of the lords of the
bedchamber to George the Third. His lordship died 14th August
1776, in his fifty-sixth year. He married at Greenwich Hospital, 24th
July 1753, Jane, fourth daughter of Lord Archibald Hamilton of Riccarton
and Pardovan, master of Greenwich Hospital, and sister of Sir William
Hamilton, D.B., and by her he had five sons and four daughter, namely,
1. Jane, born May 20, 1754, married John, fourth duke of Athol, and died
in 1791, leaving issue; 2. William Shaw, tenth Lord Cathcart; 3. Mary,
born at London in March 1757, married, 26th December 1774, to
Thomas Graham, Esq. of Balgowan, in Perthshire, afterwards the gallant
Lord Lynedoch, and died, without issue, in June 1792, aged thirty-six;
4. Louisa, born in July 1758, married first, David, Viscount Stormont,
afterwards earl of Mansfield, with issue, and secondly, the Hon. Robert
Fulke Greville, second brother of the earl of Warwick, also with issue;
5. the Hon. Charles Allan Cathcart, who distinguished himself both as a
soldier and a diplomatist, born at Shaw Park, county Clackmannan, 28th
December, 1759. He entered the army in 1776, as a volunteer in the
grenadier company of the 55th regiment of foot, with which he
served in America. After obtaining a lieutenant’s commission in the 23d
foot, or Royal Welsh Fusileers, in 1778 he became captain in the Athol
Highlanders or 77th foot, then in Britain. He embarked at New
York to join his regiment, but was taken by a French privateer, 21st
September, after a severe engagement. On 29th May 1780 he was
appointed major of the 98th foot, and soon after became
lieutenant-colonel of that regiment. He accompanied it to the East
Indies, where he was employed in diplomatic missions by Sir John
Macpherson. Subsequently he served under Major-general Stuart against
the French at Cuddalore, and commanded the grenadiers at the storming of
the redoubts of that place, 13th June, 1783, when the whole
of them, with the outposts and eighteen pieces of artillery, were
carried at one stroke. He and Colonel Gordon commanded in the trenches,
25th June, when the enemy made a sortie, but were completely
repulsed, and the Chevalier de Damas, their leader, taken prisoner.
After the surrender of Cuddalore, Colonel Cathcart was sent home with
the despatches, and for his gallant conduct was appointed
quarter-master-general of the forces in India, 3d August 1783, and in
1784 had a sword of a hundred guineas value voted to him by the Court of
Directors. At the general election in the latter year he was chosen
member of parliament for the county of Clackmannan. In 1788 he was
invested with full powers from the king and the East India Company, to
open a commercial intercourse with the emperor of China. He embarked on
board the Vestal frigate for China, but died on the passage in the
Straits of Banca, 10th June 1788, in his twenty-ninth year,
unmarried. The companions of his voyage erected in the Dutch fort of
Anjerie a monument to his memory, with a suitable inscription in Latin;
– 6. John, born 1761, died in infancy; 7. Archibald Hamilton, born 7th
July 1764, rector of Metheley, in Yorkshire, and prebend of York,
married Frances, daughter of John Freemantle, Esq. of Abbot’s Aston,
Buckinghamshire, with issue; 8. a still-born son; and 9. Catherine
Charlotte, born in Russia, 8th July 1770, maid of honour to
the queen, died at London, unmarried, in 1794.
William Shaw,
tenth Lord Cathcart, born at Petersham, in Surrey, 17th
September, 1755, and received part of his education at Eton college; but
in 1768, on the appointment of his father as ambassador to Russia, he
accompanied the family to St. Petersburg, where he pursued his classical
studies, under his private tutor, Mr. Richardson, professor of humanity
in the university of Glasgow. After his return to Scotland he studied
for the bar, and in 1776, was admitted advocate. The same year he
succeeded his father, when he turned his views to the army, and in 1777
had a cornet’s commission in the 7th dragoons. Proceeding to
America, then in a state of revolt against Britain, he served as
aide-de-camp, first to Major General Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, and
afterwards to Sir Henry Clinton, and distinguished himself on various
occasions. In 1778 he was major-commandant of the British Legion, a body
of volunteer infantry raised in North America, but resigned that command
in 1780, preferring to serve with the 33d regiment of foot, of which he
had been appointed major of the previous year. He also held the office
of quarter-master-general in America. Being appointed to a company in
the Coldstream regiment of foot-guards, he returned to England, and
continued in that regiment till October 1789, when he exchanged into the
29th foot, long stationed at Windsor, of which regiment he
was made lieutenant-colonel. He was elected one of the sixteen
representative Scots peers on a vacancy, 19th January 1788,
by a majority of one over the earl of Dumfries, and he was re-chosen at
every subsequent general election, till raised to the peerage of the
united kingdom. He filled the office of chairman of the committees of
the House of Lords from 1790 to July 1794, when the duties being
incompatible with foreign service, Lord Walsingham was chosen in his
stead. In January 1795, Lord Cathcart was appointed vice-admiral of
Scotland. He attained the rank of colonel in the army, 11th
November 1790, and was promoted to the command of the 29th
foot, 5th December 1792. In December 1793 he had the rank of
brigadier-general on the continent, and in 1794 accompanied the earl of
Moira to the relief of Ostend. In the face of a formidable body of the
French they succeeded in effecting a junction with the duke of York at
Malines, July 9. He commanded a brigade at the defeat of the french at
Bommel, and attained the rank of major-general 4th September
the same year. With the 14th, 27th, and 28th
regiments of foot, he attacked the French, 8th January 1795,
near Buren, and after an action of several hours succeeded in driving
them beyond Geldermalsen, taking from them a piece of cannon, and
maintained his ground till night, in spite of repeated assaults from
fresh bodies of the enemy, who poured in from different quarters. This
post so gallantly defended by his lordship was, however, too much
exposed to be retained in the face of a strong army. The forces, under
the command of Sir David Dundas, were obliged to evacuate Holland. Lord
Cathcart proceeded to Germany, and remained on the Weser, and in other
places, having been intrusted by his majesty with the command of the
British light cavalry and the foreign light corps in British pay, in all
thirty squadrons, till December 1795, when he embarked at Cuxhaven for
England. On 7th August 1797 he was appointed colonel of the
2d regiment of life guards, and was sworn a privy councillor at
Weymouth, 28th September 1798. He had the rank of
lieutenant-general in the army, 1st January 1801, and was
appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland, 28th
October 1803.
In 1805, Lord
Cathcart received the appointment of ambassador extraordinary to the
emperor of Russia and the king of Prussia, and at his audience of leave
at Windsor, 23d November that year, was invested with the order of the
Thistle. As both monarchs were then in the field, it was deemed
advisable, on account of the critical situation of affairs, to postpone
his embassies to the spring, and they were never carried into effect. In
the meantime he was appointed to the command of the British, in a
combined army of British, Russians, Swedes, and Prussians. He had the
local rank of general on the continent, 30th November 1805,
and the following month took the command of the British troops in
Hanover. After the battle of Austerlitz he returned home with the army,
in February 1806; and the same year, was appointed commander of the
forces in Scotland.
In the summer
of 1807, to prevent the Danish fleet at Copenhagen from falling into the
hands of the French, it was resolved by the British government to take
possession of it, and on this important service an army was sent under
the command of Lord Cathcart, with a fleet under Admiral Gambier. After
waiting the result of ineffectual negociation, Lord Cathcart proceeded
to invest Copenhagen; which he bombarded with so much effect that, after
a siege of eighteen days, a capitulation was entered into, on 6th
September, in the possession of the British, and the Danish fleet,
consisting of sixteen ships of the line, fifteen frigates, six brigs,
and twenty-five gunboats, and an immense quantity of naval stores and
ammunition, brought to England.
On his return
home, Lord Cathcart was, on 3d November, created a British peer, by the
titles of Baron Greenock of Greenock, and Viscount Cathcart of Cathcart
in the county of Renfrew, On the 7th he arrived at Edinburgh,
to resume the command of the forces in Scotland, and had the freedom of
the city voted to him, 17th November. On the 28th
of the following January the thanks of parliament were voted to his
lordship and to Lord Gambier. His lordship attained the full rank of
general in the army in January 1812, and retained his command in North
Britain until May 1813, when he was called upon to undertake another
mission to St. Petersburg. In the same year the emperor Alexander
conferred upon him the order of St. Andrew and the Cross of the military
order of St. George of the fourth class. On 18th June 1814,
he was advanced to the dignity of an earl of Great Britain, by the title
of earl Cathcart. Besides being governor of Hull, he was a member of the
board of general officers, and a commissioner of the royal military
college, and royal military asylum. He died, the senior general in the
service, 16th June 1843, at the advanced age of eighty-eight,
retaining his active habits and vigour of mind to the last. He married,
10th April 1779, Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew Elliot, Esq.
of Greenwells, Roxburghshire, collector of customs at New York. By her
he had six sons and four daughters. William, the eldest son, born at
London 30th June 1782, chose the navy for his profession, and
served his time in the Mediterranean and in the inshore squadron off
Brest. He was acting lieutenant of the Medusa frigate at Boulogne, on
board of which Nelson had hoisted his flag, and commanded the cutter of
that vessel at the attempt on the French flotilla, 16th
August 1801, when his critical assistance rescued Captain Parker (who
was mortally wounded), in charge of one of the divisions, and his crew,
when their boat had fallen alongside a French ship. This gallant young
officer fell a victim to the yellow fever, at Jamaica, when in command
of the Clorinde frigate, with the rank of post-captain, 5th
June 1804, in his 22d year, unmarried.
The second
son, Charles Murray Cathcart, became eleventh baron and second earl.
After his brother’s death he was styled Lord Greenock. Born at Waltens,
Essex, 21st December, 1783, he entered the army in 1799 as an
ensign in the 71st foot. After being in various regiments, he
was made captain in the 39th foot, 9th July 1803,
and served as assistant quarter-master-general in Ireland, and in the
Mediterranean. He was in the expedition to the Scheldt, at the siege of
Flushing, &c., served in the Peninsular war, and was at the battle of
Waterloo. He attained the rank of lieutenant-general in November 1841,
and of general in 1854. He was governor of Edinburgh castle and
commander of the forces in Scotland from 1837 to 1842. In March 1846, he
was appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in Canada, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, &c., and in 1847 he became colonel of the 3d dragoon
guards. He married in France, 30th September 1818, and
remarried in England, 12th February, 1819, Henrietta, second
daughter of Thomas Mather, Esq., issue, two sons and two daughters. The
second earl died 16th July 1859. His elder son, Alan
Frederick, Lord Greenock, born 15th November 1828, succeeded
as twelfth baron and third earl; married, with issue. The younger son,
the Honourable Augustus Murray Cathcart, born in 1830, is also an
officer in the army.
The third son
of the first earl, the Hon. Frederick Macadam Cathcart of Graigengillan,
born at Twickenham Common, Middlesex, 28th October 1789, also
chose the profession of arms, in which his family had acquired so much
distinction. In January 1805, he was appointed cornet of the 2d dragoons
or Royal Scots Greys, and became lieutenant 12st May 1806. He served as
one of the aides-de-camp to his father in 1805, 1806, and 1807, and in
the latter year was sent home with the intelligence of the surrender of
the citadel of Copenhagen and the Danish navy. On the 8th
September his father wrote: “I send this despatch by Lieutenant
Cathcart, who has been for some time my first aide-de-camp; who has seen
everything that has occurred here and at Stralsund, and will be able to
give any further details that may be required.” On the 19th
September he was promoted to a troop of the 25th regiment of
light dragoons, which he exchanged for a troop of Scots Greys, 13th
February 1808. He was aide-de-camp to his father, when commander of the
forces in Scotland; and in 1837 became a colonel in the army. He
married, 18th October 1827, Jane, daughter and heiress of
Quentin Macadam, Esq. of Craigengillan, Ayrshire, and in consequence
assumed the surname of Macadam before that of Cathcart; issue, a son and
several daughters.
The Hon. Sir
George Cathcart, the fourth and youngest son, born in 1794, received a
cornet’s commission in the 2d Life Guards in 1810, and served as
aide-de-camp to his father in the campaigns of 1813 and 1814, in Germany
and France. In 1815, as aide-de-camp to the duke of Wellington, he was
present at the battle of Quatre-Bras. He held a high command in Canada
during the insurrection there. In 1851 he became major-general, and was
appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the forces at the Cape of
Good Hope. Subsequently nominated a K.C.B., in 1853 he was appointed
lieutenant-general and commander of the 4th division of the
British army during the Crimean war. He was killed at Inkerman in 1854.
_____
The family of
Cathcart of Carleton is a junior branch of the noble family of the same
name. The Hon. Sir John Cathcart, a younger son of the first Lord
Cathcart, married the daughter and heiress of Carleton of that ilk, an
ancient family in Ayrshire, and had a son, Alan Cathcart, who, in his
mother’s right, became proprietor of Carleton, and 3d December 1505,
received from James the fourth a charter of the lands of Carleton and
others. His only daughter and heiress, Margaret, married her relative,
the Hon. Robert Cathcart, second son of the second lord, by whom he had
a son, also named Robert. On the 26th march 1547, Thomas
Kennedy of Knockdow, and David and Fergus, his sons, found security that
they would satisfy Robert Cathcart of Carleton, for the mutilation of
his left hand, and for wounding him in the face, in one of the feuds of
the period, as the lord high treasurer would modify, under the penalty
of a thousand pounds, and on the 10th May 1549, the two
latter were respited from the same, having made sufficient satisfaction.
The Cathcarts seem to have been, from an early period, opposed to the
Kennedys. Accordingly we find that so late as 1607 John Cathcart of
Carleton and John his son, younger thereof, were put to the horn with
several others, for assisting Mure of Auchindrane in an attack, in form
of war, on the earl of Cassillis in the fields at Maybole, when the
master of the household of the latter was slain, and several of his
followers wounded.
The “fause
knight,” of the old ballad of May Collean is popularly said to have
resided at Carleton castle, which gives title to this branch of the
Cathcarts. It is situated about two miles to the south of Girvan, a tall
old ruin standing on the brink of a bank which overhangs the sea, and
the country people affirm that the heroine, May Collean, was a daughter
of the family of Kennedy of Culzean, now represented by the marquis of
Ailsa, The ballad begins:
“Oh! Heard ye
of a bludie knicht,
Lived in the south countrie?
He has betrayed eight ladies fair,
And drowned them in the sea.
Then next he
went to May Collean,
A maid of beauty rare:
May Collean wes this lady’s name,
Her father’s only heir.”
She refuses at first
to wed him, but by means of a charm, she consents to accompany him, when
he takes her to a lonely place called Bunion Bay, where he commands her
to strip herself of her clothes and ornaments, previously to drowning
her like the rest; but under the pretence that she could not take off
her clothes in presence of a man, she prevailed upon him to turn his
back, when she seized him in her arms and threw him into the sea. She
then mounted his ‘dapple grey,’ and galloped off, and according to the
tradition, acquired all his immense wealth. May there not be in this
ballad some covert allusion to the frequent feuds between the Cathcarts
and Kennedys?
The son of the
above Robert Cathcart, John Cathcart of Carleton, built the castle of
Killochan, the present family residence. He was a leading supporter of
the Reformation, and in 1570, when Kirkaldy of Grange began to show his
hostility to John Knox, and a report spread that he had become his enemy
and intended to slay him, the laird of Carleton, Lord Ochiltree, the
earl of Glencairn, and ten others of the principal reformers of Kyloe
and Cunningham, sent him a formal letter from Ayr, solemnly warning him
of any attempts to injure Knox, “that man whom God had made the first
planter and waterer of his church.” In 1581 he was one of the committee
named by the General Assembly to deliberate as to the bishops sitting in
parliament and performing judicial functions both civil and criminal,
when they gave in a report recommending that commissioners from the
Assembly should take the place of the bishops in parliament, and that
their temporal jurisdiction should be exercised by head bailiffs. By his
wife, Helen, he had a son, Hew, from whom are lineally descended the
Cathcarts of Greenock, and Hew Cathcart of Carleton, who was created a
baronet of Nova Scotia, 20th June, 1703. The latter married,
in 1695, a daughter of Sir Patrick Broun, baronet, of Colstoun. His son,
Sir John Cathcart, married, first, in 1717, Catherine, daughter of
Robert Dundas, Lord Arniston, his issue by whom, a son and two
daughters, died before him; and, secondly, in 1729, Elizabeth, daughter
of Sir John Kennedy of Culzean, baronet, by whom he had a numerous
family. His eldest son, Sir John Cathcart, died, without issue, in 1785,
when the title and estates devolved on his next brother, Sir Andrew
Cathcart, a lieutenant-colonel in the army; at whose death, without
issue, in 1828, in his eighty-seventh year, they passed to h is
grand-nephew, the fourth baronet, John Andrew Cathcart, eldest son of
his nephew, Hugh Cathcart. Sir John Andrew Cathcart, the fifth baronet,
born in February 1810, at one time an officer in the second lifeguards,
married, 5th July 1836, Lady Eleanor Kennedy, only daughter
of the earl of Cassillis, and grand-daughter of the first marquis of
Ailsa, and has issue.
There is a
tradition in the Cathcart family that either Sir Alan Cathcart, the
companion in arms of Robert the Bruce, or his son, attended Douglas to
Spain, on his way to the Holy Land, with the heart of the patriot king,
in consequence of which the Cathcarts carry a heart in their coat of
arms.
_____
David Cathcart,
a senator of the College of Justice, under the title of Lord Alloway,
was born at Ayr, in January 1764. His father, Elias Cathcart, a
respectable merchant, who dealt in French wines, and traded with
Virginia, previous to the Revolution in North America, was at one time
provost of that town. His son David received the elementary part of his
education at the schools of his native burgh. He studied for the bar at
Edinburgh, ans passed advocate 16th July 1785. He was
promoted to the bench 8th June 1813, and was appointed a lord
of justiciary in 1826. He married in 1793 Margaret Muir, daughter of
Robert Muir, Esq. of Blairston, on the banks of the Doon, through whom
he succeeded to that estate, which became the property of his son Elias
Cathcart, Esq., styled of Auchindrane. The small estate of Greenfield,
purchased by his father, was also the property of his lordship. In one
corner of it stands the venerable and roofless ruin of Alloway’s “auld
haunted kirk,” from which Mr. Cathcart took his judicial title when
raised to the bench. He died at Blairston, 27th April 1829,
at the age of sixty-five, and was interred in the ruin of Alloway kirk.
From
the Dictionary of National Biography...
CATHCART, CHARLES MURRAY, second Earl
Cathcart (1783–1859), general, eldest surviving son of William Schaw
Cathcart, first earl of Cathcart [q. v.], was born at Walton, Essex, on
21 Dec. 1783, entered the army as a cornet in the 2nd life guards on 2
March 1800, and served on the staff of Sir James Craig in Naples and
Sicily during the campaigns of 1805–6. His father having been created a
British peer on 3 Nov. 1807 with the titles of Viscount Cathcart and
Baron Greenock, C. M. Cathcart was from this time known under the name
of Lord Greenock. Having obtained his majority on 14 May 1807, he saw
service in the Walcheren expedition in 1809, taking part in the siege of
Flushing, after which for some time he was disabled by the injurious
effects of the pestilence which cut off so many thousands of his
companions. Becoming lieutenant-colonel on 30 Aug. 1810, he embarked for
the Peninsula, where he was present in the battles of Barossa, for which
he received a gold medal on 6 April 1812, of Salamanca, and of Vittoria,
during which he served as assistant quartermaster-general. He was next
sent to assist Lord Lynedoch in Holland as the head of the
quartermaster-general's staff, and was afterwards present at Waterloo,
where he greatly distinguished himself, having three horses shot under
him. For his services he received the Russian order of St. Wladimir, the
Dutch order of St. Wilhelm, and was made a C.B. on 4 June 1815. He
continued to act as quartermaster-general until 26 June 1823, at which
date he became lieutenant-colonel of the royal staff corps at Hythe.
This corps was a scientific one, and had formed a museum of various
objects collected by its several detachments, and in this way Lord
Greenock was led to take an interest in a subject to which he ever
afterwards devoted much of his attention. Leaving Hythe on 22 July 1830,
he took up his residence in Edinburgh, and for some years was occupied
in scientific pursuits. He attended lectures in the university, took an
active concern in the proceedings of the Highland Society, and was a
member of the Royal Society, to which he read several papers, which were
published in its ‘Transactions.’ In 1841 he discovered a new mineral, a
sulphate of cadmium, which was found in excavating the Bishopton tunnel
near Port Glasgow, and which received after him the name of Greenockite.
It is a beautiful substance that was entirely new to mineralogists. He
held the appointments of commander of the forces in Scotland and
governor of Edinburgh Castle from 17 Feb. 1837 to 1 April 1842, and on
17 June in the following year succeeded his father as second earl and
eleventh baron Cathcart. He was commander-in-chief in British North
America from 16 March 1846 to 1 Oct. 1849, during very difficult times,
and for some period combined with the military command the civil
government of Canada. On his return to England he was appointed to the
command of the northern and midland district, and the resignation of
this post in 1854 brought to a conclusion his active services. He was
colonel of the 11th hussars, 1842–7, of the 3rd dragoon guards, 1847–51,
of the 1st dragoon guards, 1851 to his decease, and a general in the
army, 20 June 1854. Among other honours, he was created a K.C.B. on 19
July 1838, and a G.C.B. 21 June 1859. In 1858 his constitution gave way,
and he died at St. Leonard's-on-Sea on 16 July 1859, very peacefully,
and in the full possession of his faculties. He was a man of powerful
mind, which was improved by great industry and perseverance, and he had
a kindly and generous heart, which threw a sunshine around the circle of
his domestic life. He married in France on 30 Sept. 1818, and at Portsea
on 12 Feb. 1819, Henrietta, second daughter of Thomas Mather. She died
on 24 June 1872. He was the writer of two papers in the ‘Transactions of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh’ in 1836, ‘On the Phenomena in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh of the Igneous Rocks in their relation to the
Secondary Strata,’ and ‘The Coal Formation of the Scottish Lowlands.’
[Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh (1862), iv. 222–4; Gent. Mag.
new ser. vii. (1859), 306–7.]
CATHCART, DAVID, Lord Alloway (d.
1829), lord of session, was the son of Edward Cathcart of Greenfield,
Ayrshire, and passed advocate at the Scottish bar on 16 July 1785. He
was promoted to the bench as an ordinary lord of session on 8 June 1813,
on the resignation of Sir William Honyman, bart., the title he assumed
being that of Lord Alloway. On the resignation of Lord Hermand, in 1826,
he was also appointed a lord of justiciary. He died at his seat,
Blairston, near Ayr, on 27 April 1829.
[Haig and Brunton's Senators of the College of Justice.]
CATHCART, Sir GEORGE (1794–1854),
general, third surviving son of Sir William Schaw Cathcart, first earl
Cathcart [q. v.], was born on 12 May 1794. He received his first
commission as a cornet in the 2nd life guards on 10 May 1810, and was
promoted lieutenant into the 6th dragoon guards or carabiniers on 1 July
1811. In 1813 he succeeded his elder brother as aide-de-camp and private
secretary to his father on his embassy to Russia, when Lord Cathcart was
at once ambassador to the czar and military commissioner with the
Russian army. As aide-de-camp Cathcart was constantly employed in
carrying despatches from his father to the various English officers with
the different Russian armies [see Campbell, Sir Neil; Lowe, Sir Hudson;
and Wilson, Sir Robert]. He was present at all the chief battles in
1813, was the first to raise Moreau from the ground when he received his
mortal wound at the battle of Dresden, and entered Paris with the allied
armies on 31 March 1814. He was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington
in 1815 at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo, and in Paris until
1818. He was then promoted to a company in the 1st West India regiment
without purchase, and at once exchanged into the 7th hussars, of which
he became lieutenant-colonel in May 1826. In 1828 he exchanged to the
lieutenant-colonelcy of the 57th regiment, in 1830 to that of the 8th
hussars, and in 1838 to that of the 1st dragoon guards, and was promoted
colonel on 23 Nov. 1841. In 1846 he gave up the command of this
regiment, and took up the appointment of deputy-lieutenant of the Tower
of London, where he resided until his promotion to the rank of
major-general on 11 Nov. 1851. Cathcart was quite unknown to the general
public, except from his excellent ‘Commentaries on the War in Russia and
Germany in 1812 and 1813,’ published in 1850, and his appointment to
succeed Major-general Sir Harry Smith as governor and commander-in-chief
at the Cape was received with surprise in January 1852, and questions
were asked in both houses of parliament about the appointment, for which
the Duke of Wellington was really responsible. Cathcart was sent out to
establish a colonial parliament and revive the dying loyalty of the
colonists, and also to crush the Basutos and Kaffirs. On his arrival he
summoned the first Cape parliament, and granted them a constitution, and
then marched against the Kaffir and Basuto chiefs. The Kaffirs were soon
subdued, and in the autumn of 1852 he marched against the Basutos,
Sandilli and Macomo. He pursued them right into the recesses of the
mountains, to which no English general had ever before penetrated, and
in February 1853 Macomo and the old rebel Sandilli surrendered to him,
and were granted residences within the Cape Colony. Cathcart received
the thanks of both houses of parliament, and in July 1853 was made a
K.C.B. On 12 Dec. 1853 he was appointed adjutant-general at the Horse
Guards, and in April left the Cape. On reaching London he found that an
army had already been sent to the East, and that he had been nominated
to the command of the 4th division. The Duke of Newcastle also granted
him a dormant commission, by which Cathcart was to succeed to the
command-in-chief of the army in the East in case of any accident
happening to Lord Raglan, in spite of the seniority of Burgoyne and
Brown. His division was hardly engaged at all at the battle of the Alma,
and his advice to storm Sebastopol at once was rejected by the allied
generals. He at last became bitterly incensed against Lord Raglan for
not paying more attention to him, and on 4 Oct. addressed him a note
(see Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, v. 21), complaining of the
influence of Sir George Brown and Major-general Airey, and alluding to
the dormant commission. Raglan undoubtedly behaved coldly towards
Cathcart, who regarded himself as badly treated, until a private letter
from the Duke of Newcastle, dated 13 Oct. 1854, directed the cancelling
of the dormant commission, which Cathcart accordingly surrendered on 26
Oct. On the morning of 5 Nov. he heard the heavy firing which announced
the attack upon Mount Inkerman. He collected his 1st brigade and led
them to where the battle was raging. There is a considerable conflict of
evidence as to the later course of events. A despatch from Sir Charles
Windham, first published in the ‘Times,’ 8 Feb. 1875, by Lord Cathcart,
should be compared with Mr. Kinglake's narrative. The Duke of Cambridge
sent, requesting him to fill the ‘gap’ on the left of the guards, and
thus prevent them from being isolated; and Airey soon conveyed Lord
Raglan's orders that Cathcart should ‘move to the left and support the
brigade of guards, and not descend or leave the plateau.’ Great
confusion prevailed; many contradictory messages were sent; and it is
disputed whether Cathcart ever received these orders. Cathcart ordered
General Torrens to lead his four hundred men down the hill to the right
of the guards against the extreme left of the Russian column. Torrens
was immediately struck down, and Cathcart rode down to take the command,
but before he had gone far he perceived that a Russian column had forced
its way through the ‘gap,’ and had isolated the guards. Cathcart then
attempted to charge up the hill with some fifty men of the 20th regiment
to repair his fault; his last words to his favourite staff officer,
Major Maitland, were, ‘I fear we are in a mess,’ and then he fell dead
from his horse, shot through the heart. Lord Raglan, his lifelong
friend, referred to him in the highest terms in his despatches. Many
posthumous honours were paid to him; a tablet was erected to him in St.
Paul's Cathedral, though his body rests under the hill in the Crimea
which bears his name, and it was announced in the ‘Gazette’ of 5 July
1855 that if he had survived he would have been made a G.C.B., but
greater honour was paid to him in the universal lamentation which broke
out upon the arrival of the news of his glorious death.
[For Sir George Cathcart's life see the notices which were published at
the time of his death, and especially that in Colburn's United Service
Magazine for January 1855; see also for his South African government the
Correspondence of Lieut.-general the Hon. Sir George Cathcart, K.C.B.,
relative to his military operations in Kaffraria, 1856; and for his
conduct at the battle of Inkerman, Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea,
vol. v.]
CATHCART, Sir WILLIAM SCHAW, tenth
Baron Cathcart in the peerage of Scotland, and first Viscount in the
peerage of the United Kingdom (1755–1843), general, was the eldest son
of Charles, ninth Lord Cathcart, K.T. [q. v.], by Jean, daughter of
Admiral Lord Archibald Hamilton, and sister of Sir William Hamilton, K.B.,
the well-known English ambassador at Naples. William Schaw Cathcart was
born at Petersham on 17 Sept. 1755, and was educated at Eton from 1766
to 1771, when he joined his father at St. Petersburg, where he was
ambassador. He returned to Scotland with his father in 1773, and, after
studying law at the universities of Dresden and Glasgow, was admitted a
member of the Faculty of Advocates in February 1776. His father died in
the August of the same year, and Cathcart purchased a cornetcy in the
7th dragoons in June 1777, and then obtained leave to serve in America
with the 16th light dragoons. He was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to
Major-general Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, bart., commanding at Boston,
and so distinguished himself at the storming of Forts Clinton and
Montgomery on 6 Oct. 1777 that he was promoted first lieutenant and then
captain in the 17th light dragoons in the November and December of that
year. In January 1778 he surprised a large body of the enemy on the
Schuykhill, which had heedlessly advanced too far from the encampment at
Valley Forge. He again distinguished himself at the battle of Monmouth
Court House, and towards the close of 1778 he was appointed
major-commandant of a body of loyalist Scotchmen in the States, enrolled
as the Caledonian volunteers. Cathcart added to it a company of
volunteer cavalry, and as the British legion it did good service at the
outposts. On 10 April 1779 he married Elizabeth, second daughter of
Andrew Elliot of Greenwells, co. Roxburgh, the lieutenant-governor of
the state of New York, and uncle of Sir Gilbert Elliot, first earl of
Minto. On 13 April 1779 he was promoted major into the 38th regiment,
and shortly after was made a local lieutenant-colonel, and appointed to
act as quartermaster-general to the forces in America until the arrival
of General Dalrymple. He then reverted to the command of the British
legion, and sailed with it to Savannah in December 1779, and commanded
it at the siege of Charleston. His health, however, broke down, and he
returned to New York in April 1780, when he was ordered to choose
between his regimental and his local command. He preferred the former,
and after resigning the British legion to Colonel Banastre Tarleton,
afterwards M.P. for Liverpool, joined the 38th in Long Island. He
commanded it with marked ability in the actions at Springfield and
Elizabeth Town in June 1780; but in October 1780, as his health had
entirely broken down, he resolved to return to England.
He received a most cordial welcome from the king, and in February 1781
was promoted to a captaincy and lieutenant-colonelcy in the Coldstream
guards. On 10 Jan. 1788 he was elected a representative peer for
Scotland, and in October 1789 he exchanged his company in the
Coldstreams with Lord Henry Fitzgerald for the lieutenant-colonelcy of
the 29th regiment, of which his friend and comrade in the American war,
the Earl of Harrington, had just been appointed colonel. That regiment
was then stationed at Windsor, and the king took the keenest interest in
the improvements which the new commanding officers introduced into its
discipline. In November 1790 Cathcart was promoted colonel by brevet,
and in December 1792, when the Earl of Harrington was promoted to the
colonelcy of the 2nd life guards, his lieutenant-colonel received the
colonelcy of the 29th. In 1790, when he had only sat in the House of
Lords for two years, he was elected chairman of committees in that
house. In November 1793 he was made a brigadier-general, and appointed
to command a brigade in the army which was assembling under the command
of the Earl of Moira at Portsmouth. After the failure of the Quiberon
expedition Lord Moira's army was at last ordered to reinforce the Duke
of York in the Netherlands; and when Moira returned to England Cathcart,
who had been promoted major-general on 3 Oct. 1794, remained with the
army in command of the first brigade of the division of General David
Dundas, consisting of the 14th, 27th, and 28th regiments. At the head of
his brigade he distinguished himself at the battle of Bommel, and
throughout the winter retreat. At the battle of Buren, on 8 Jan. 1795,
Cathcart established his reputation by suddenly turning upon the
advancing enemy, and utterly defeating them with his single brigade,
taking one gun and several prisoners. When the remnant of the British
infantry embarked at Bremen in May 1795 Cathcart remained in command of
a few squadrons of English and Hanoverian cavalry, which finally left
Germany in December 1795. He was received with the greatest favour by
the king. He was made vice-admiral of Scotland in 1795, appointed
colonel of the 2nd life guards, and gold stick in the place of Lord
Amherst in August 1797, sworn of the privy council on 28 Sept. 1798, and
promoted lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1801, and Lady Cathcart was made a
lady in waiting to the queen.
He received the command of the home district in 1802, and from 1803 to
1805 acted as commander-in-chief in Ireland; but in the latter year was
recalled by Pitt, acting on the strong advice of Castlereagh, made
lord-lieutenant of the county of Clackmannan and a knight of the
Thistle, and nominated ambassador at St. Petersburg. The news then
arrived that Napoleon had broken up the camp at Boulogne, and was
marching across Germany. Pitt at once equipped a powerful army, and sent
it across to Hanover under his command to make a diversion in favour of
Austria. But Cathcart made no attempt to attack the flank of the French;
he established his headquarters at Bremen, fought a little battle at
Munkaiser, and peacefully waited for news. After the death of Pitt the
ministry recalled Cathcart's army from Germany, and he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland, but in May 1807 he was
suddenly summoned to London by Lord Castlereagh, and appointed to
command an army in the Baltic. Cathcart had merely the easy duty of
bombarding an almost defenceless town when in command of an irresistible
army, and on 6 Sept. Copenhagen surrendered. Cathcart was on 3 Nov. 1807
created Viscount Cathcart of Cathcart and Baron Greenock of Greenock in
the peerage of the United Kingdom, and a sum estimated at 300,000l. of
prize money was divided between him and Admiral Gambier.
Cathcart again took up his command in Scotland, and was promoted general
on 1 Jan. 1812. In May 1813 Castlereagh, now the leader of Lord
Liverpool's cabinet, appointed him ambassador to the court of Russia,
and British military commissioner with the army of the czar. The success
of the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 is a matter of history, but the
immense labours of the three ambassadors to Russia, Austria, and Prussia
in maintaining military and diplomatic unity between the allies is
comparatively unknown, and buried in the archives of the foreign office
or in the Castlereagh Despatches. Cathcart had also to act as a military
adviser to the German and Russian generals, and maintain harmony between
them. When, therefore, in 1813 he received the order of St. Andrew, and
in 1814 that of St. George from the czar, aud was, on 16 July, created
Earl Cathcart, it was universally acknowledged that his services had
been of the greatest importance in the overthrow of Napoleon. After
receiving the rewards of his labours and the governorship of Hull,
Cathcart proceeded to St. Petersburg, where he resided as ambassador in
close communication with Castlereagh, until the suicide of the latter in
1821, when he at once resigned and returned to England. He continued to
take an interest in politics as a strong tory until the passing of the
Reform Bill, when he retired from political discussion and lived
peacefully at his seats in Scotland, Schaw Castle, co. Clackmannan, and
Gartside, near Glasgow, until his death at the latter on 16 June 1843,
in his eighty-eighth year.
[There is no good life of Lord Cathcart: the Memoirs published on his
death are very inferior, and for military details based on the Royal
Military Calendar; for his embassy, however, see the Castlereagh
Despatches, vols, ix-xii., and Sir A. Alison's Lives of Lord Castlereagh
and Sir Charles Stewart, 1862; see also Douglas and Wood's Peerage of
Scotland, i. 345-9.]
From the Dictionary of National Biography
CATHCART, CHARLES, ninth Baron
Cathcart (1721–1776), soldier and ambassador, born 21 March 1721, was
the son of Charles, eighth baron, a military officer of considerable
distinction. The son at an early age entered the 3rd regiment of foot
guards. In 1742 he commanded the 20th regiment of foot under the Earl of
Stair. He accompanied the Duke of Cumberland through his campaigns in
Flanders, Scotland, and Holland, acting as one of the duke's
aides-de-camp at Fontenoy, and receiving in that battle a dangerous
wound in his head. Under the provisions of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
(1748) two British noblemen were sent to Paris as hostages for the
restitution of Cape Breton to France (a provision which gave great and
natural offence to British pride), and Cathcart was one of the peers
selected for that purpose. He became a colonel in 1750 and a
lieutenant-general in December 1760. As the Duke of Cumberland was
greatly attached to Cathcart, he retained his friend in his service as
lord of the bedchamber. From 1755 to 1763, in which year Cathcart was
created a knight of the Thistle, and from 1773 to his death he held the
office of lord high commissioner in the general assembly of the kirk of
Scotland. For three years (1768–71) he served as ambassador
extraordinary at the court of Russia, and from 1752 till his death he
was one of the sixteen representative peers of his country, its first
lord commissioner of police, and the lieutenant-general of the forces
stationed within its borders. He died in London 14 Aug. 1776, and was
succeeded in the title by William Schaw Cathcart [q. v.] Cathcart
married, 24 July 1753, Jean, daughter of Lady Archibald Hamilton, and
his second daughter, Mary, was the wife of Sir Thomas Graham, lord
Lynedoch, her portrait by Gainsborough being the masterpiece of the
Edinburgh National Gallery. His third daughter, Louise, who married,
first, David, lord Mansfield, is the subject of one of Romney's best
pictures. Their father, whose military capacity received the praises of
Wolfe, was very proud of his Fontenoy scar, and twice sat to Sir Joshua
Reynolds (June 1761 and March 1773) for his portrait. ‘It is not often a
man has had a pistol-bullet through the head and lived,’ and he always
requested Sir Joshua to arrange that the black patch on his cheek might
be visible, a desire which was complied with. A portrait of him and the
Duke of Cumberland at Culloden, painted by C. Philips, is also in the
possession of the family, and was exhibited in the collection at South
Kensington in 1867. In this picture, as in the others, the black patch
is easily seen. Cathcart is said to have befriended James Watt and Adam
Smith.
[Campbell-Maclachlan's Duke of Cumberland, 25, 63, 110–14; Gent. Mag.
1776, pp. 239, 386; Jesse's George Selwyn, iii. 147; Leslie and Taylor's
Sir Joshua Reynolds, i. 202, ii. 11, 13; Douglas and Wood, i. 343–5.]
CATHCART, CHARLES MURRAY, second Earl
Cathcart (1783–1859), general, eldest surviving son of William Schaw
Cathcart, first earl of Cathcart [q. v.], was born at Walton, Essex, on
21 Dec. 1783, entered the army as a cornet in the 2nd life guards on 2
March 1800, and served on the staff of Sir James Craig in Naples and
Sicily during the campaigns of 1805–6. His father having been created a
British peer on 3 Nov. 1807 with the titles of Viscount Cathcart and
Baron Greenock, C. M. Cathcart was from this time known under the name
of Lord Greenock. Having obtained his majority on 14 May 1807, he saw
service in the Walcheren expedition in 1809, taking part in the siege of
Flushing, after which for some time he was disabled by the injurious
effects of the pestilence which cut off so many thousands of his
companions. Becoming lieutenant-colonel on 30 Aug. 1810, he embarked for
the Peninsula, where he was present in the battles of Barossa, for which
he received a gold medal on 6 April 1812, of Salamanca, and of Vittoria,
during which he served as assistant quartermaster-general. He was next
sent to assist Lord Lynedoch in Holland as the head of the
quartermaster-general's staff, and was afterwards present at Waterloo,
where he greatly distinguished himself, having three horses shot under
him. For his services he received the Russian order of St. Wladimir, the
Dutch order of St. Wilhelm, and was made a C.B. on 4 June 1815. He
continued to act as quartermaster-general until 26 June 1823, at which
date he became lieutenant-colonel of the royal staff corps at Hythe.
This corps was a scientific one, and had formed a museum of various
objects collected by its several detachments, and in this way Lord
Greenock was led to take an interest in a subject to which he ever
afterwards devoted much of his attention. Leaving Hythe on 22 July 1830,
he took up his residence in Edinburgh, and for some years was occupied
in scientific pursuits. He attended lectures in the university, took an
active concern in the proceedings of the Highland Society, and was a
member of the Royal Society, to which he read several papers, which were
published in its ‘Transactions.’ In 1841 he discovered a new mineral, a
sulphate of cadmium, which was found in excavating the Bishopton tunnel
near Port Glasgow, and which received after him the name of Greenockite.
It is a beautiful substance that was entirely new to mineralogists. He
held the appointments of commander of the forces in Scotland and
governor of Edinburgh Castle from 17 Feb. 1837 to 1 April 1842, and on
17 June in the following year succeeded his father as second earl and
eleventh baron Cathcart. He was commander-in-chief in British North
America from 16 March 1846 to 1 Oct. 1849, during very difficult times,
and for some period combined with the military command the civil
government of Canada. On his return to England he was appointed to the
command of the northern and midland district, and the resignation of
this post in 1854 brought to a conclusion his active services. He was
colonel of the 11th hussars, 1842–7, of the 3rd dragoon guards, 1847–51,
of the 1st dragoon guards, 1851 to his decease, and a general in the
army, 20 June 1854. Among other honours, he was created a K.C.B. on 19
July 1838, and a G.C.B. 21 June 1859. In 1858 his constitution gave way,
and he died at St. Leonard's-on-Sea on 16 July 1859, very peacefully,
and in the full possession of his faculties. He was a man of powerful
mind, which was improved by great industry and perseverance, and he had
a kindly and generous heart, which threw a sunshine around the circle of
his domestic life. He married in France on 30 Sept. 1818, and at Portsea
on 12 Feb. 1819, Henrietta, second daughter of Thomas Mather. She died
on 24 June 1872. He was the writer of two papers in the ‘Transactions of
the Royal Society of Edinburgh’ in 1836, ‘On the Phenomena in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh of the Igneous Rocks in their relation to the
Secondary Strata,’ and ‘The Coal Formation of the Scottish Lowlands.’
[Proceedings Royal Society of Edinburgh (1862), iv. 222–4; Gent. Mag.
new ser. vii. (1859), 306–7.]
CATHCART, DAVID, Lord Alloway (d.
1829), lord of session, was the son of Edward Cathcart of Greenfield,
Ayrshire, and passed advocate at the Scottish bar on 16 July 1785. He
was promoted to the bench as an ordinary lord of session on 8 June 1813,
on the resignation of Sir William Honyman, bart., the title he assumed
being that of Lord Alloway. On the resignation of Lord Hermand, in 1826,
he was also appointed a lord of justiciary. He died at his seat,
Blairston, near Ayr, on 27 April 1829.
[Haig and Brunton's Senators of the College of Justice.]
CATHCART, Sir GEORGE (1794–1854),
general, third surviving son of Sir William Schaw Cathcart, first earl
Cathcart [q. v.], was born on 12 May 1794. He received his first
commission as a cornet in the 2nd life guards on 10 May 1810, and was
promoted lieutenant into the 6th dragoon guards or carabiniers on 1 July
1811. In 1813 he succeeded his elder brother as aide-de-camp and private
secretary to his father on his embassy to Russia, when Lord Cathcart was
at once ambassador to the czar and military commissioner with the
Russian army. As aide-de-camp Cathcart was constantly employed in
carrying despatches from his father to the various English officers with
the different Russian armies [see Campbell, Sir Neil; Lowe, Sir Hudson;
and Wilson, Sir Robert]. He was present at all the chief battles in
1813, was the first to raise Moreau from the ground when he received his
mortal wound at the battle of Dresden, and entered Paris with the allied
armies on 31 March 1814. He was aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington
in 1815 at the battles of Quatre Bras and Waterloo, and in Paris until
1818. He was then promoted to a company in the 1st West India regiment
without purchase, and at once exchanged into the 7th hussars, of which
he became lieutenant-colonel in May 1826. In 1828 he exchanged to the
lieutenant-colonelcy of the 57th regiment, in 1830 to that of the 8th
hussars, and in 1838 to that of the 1st dragoon guards, and was promoted
colonel on 23 Nov. 1841. In 1846 he gave up the command of this
regiment, and took up the appointment of deputy-lieutenant of the Tower
of London, where he resided until his promotion to the rank of
major-general on 11 Nov. 1851. Cathcart was quite unknown to the general
public, except from his excellent ‘Commentaries on the War in Russia and
Germany in 1812 and 1813,’ published in 1850, and his appointment to
succeed Major-general Sir Harry Smith as governor and commander-in-chief
at the Cape was received with surprise in January 1852, and questions
were asked in both houses of parliament about the appointment, for which
the Duke of Wellington was really responsible. Cathcart was sent out to
establish a colonial parliament and revive the dying loyalty of the
colonists, and also to crush the Basutos and Kaffirs. On his arrival he
summoned the first Cape parliament, and granted them a constitution, and
then marched against the Kaffir and Basuto chiefs. The Kaffirs were soon
subdued, and in the autumn of 1852 he marched against the Basutos,
Sandilli and Macomo. He pursued them right into the recesses of the
mountains, to which no English general had ever before penetrated, and
in February 1853 Macomo and the old rebel Sandilli surrendered to him,
and were granted residences within the Cape Colony. Cathcart received
the thanks of both houses of parliament, and in July 1853 was made a
K.C.B. On 12 Dec. 1853 he was appointed adjutant-general at the Horse
Guards, and in April left the Cape. On reaching London he found that an
army had already been sent to the East, and that he had been nominated
to the command of the 4th division. The Duke of Newcastle also granted
him a dormant commission, by which Cathcart was to succeed to the
command-in-chief of the army in the East in case of any accident
happening to Lord Raglan, in spite of the seniority of Burgoyne and
Brown. His division was hardly engaged at all at the battle of the Alma,
and his advice to storm Sebastopol at once was rejected by the allied
generals. He at last became bitterly incensed against Lord Raglan for
not paying more attention to him, and on 4 Oct. addressed him a note
(see Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea, v. 21), complaining of the
influence of Sir George Brown and Major-general Airey, and alluding to
the dormant commission. Raglan undoubtedly behaved coldly towards
Cathcart, who regarded himself as badly treated, until a private letter
from the Duke of Newcastle, dated 13 Oct. 1854, directed the cancelling
of the dormant commission, which Cathcart accordingly surrendered on 26
Oct. On the morning of 5 Nov. he heard the heavy firing which announced
the attack upon Mount Inkerman. He collected his 1st brigade and led
them to where the battle was raging. There is a considerable conflict of
evidence as to the later course of events. A despatch from Sir Charles
Windham, first published in the ‘Times,’ 8 Feb. 1875, by Lord Cathcart,
should be compared with Mr. Kinglake's narrative. The Duke of Cambridge
sent, requesting him to fill the ‘gap’ on the left of the guards, and
thus prevent them from being isolated; and Airey soon conveyed Lord
Raglan's orders that Cathcart should ‘move to the left and support the
brigade of guards, and not descend or leave the plateau.’ Great
confusion prevailed; many contradictory messages were sent; and it is
disputed whether Cathcart ever received these orders. Cathcart ordered
General Torrens to lead his four hundred men down the hill to the right
of the guards against the extreme left of the Russian column. Torrens
was immediately struck down, and Cathcart rode down to take the command,
but before he had gone far he perceived that a Russian column had forced
its way through the ‘gap,’ and had isolated the guards. Cathcart then
attempted to charge up the hill with some fifty men of the 20th regiment
to repair his fault; his last words to his favourite staff officer,
Major Maitland, were, ‘I fear we are in a mess,’ and then he fell dead
from his horse, shot through the heart. Lord Raglan, his lifelong
friend, referred to him in the highest terms in his despatches. Many
posthumous honours were paid to him; a tablet was erected to him in St.
Paul's Cathedral, though his body rests under the hill in the Crimea
which bears his name, and it was announced in the ‘Gazette’ of 5 July
1855 that if he had survived he would have been made a G.C.B., but
greater honour was paid to him in the universal lamentation which broke
out upon the arrival of the news of his glorious death.
[For Sir George Cathcart's life see the notices which were published at
the time of his death, and especially that in Colburn's United Service
Magazine for January 1855; see also for his South African government the
Correspondence of Lieut.-general the Hon. Sir George Cathcart, K.C.B.,
relative to his military operations in Kaffraria, 1856; and for his
conduct at the battle of Inkerman, Kinglake's Invasion of the Crimea,
vol. v.]
CATHCART, Sir WILLIAM SCHAW, tenth Baron
Cathcart in the peerage of Scotland, and first Viscount in the peerage
of the United Kingdom (1755–1843), general, was the eldest son of
Charles, ninth Lord Cathcart, K.T. [q. v.], by Jean, daughter of Admiral
Lord Archibald Hamilton, and sister of Sir William Hamilton, K.B., the
well-known English ambassador at Naples. William Schaw Cathcart was born
at Petersham on 17 Sept. 1755, and was educated at Eton from 1766 to
1771, when he joined his father at St. Petersburg, where he was
ambassador. He returned to Scotland with his father in 1773, and, after
studying law at the universities of Dresden and Glasgow, was admitted a
member of the Faculty of Advocates in February 1776. His father died in
the August of the same year, and Cathcart purchased a cornetcy in the
7th dragoons in June 1777, and then obtained leave to serve in America
with the 16th light dragoons. He was appointed an extra aide-de-camp to
Major-general Sir Thomas Spencer Wilson, bart., commanding at Boston,
and so distinguished himself at the storming of Forts Clinton and
Montgomery on 6 Oct. 1777 that he was promoted first lieutenant and then
captain in the 17th light dragoons in the November and December of that
year. In January 1778 he surprised a large body of the enemy on the
Schuykhill, which had heedlessly advanced too far from the encampment at
Valley Forge. He again distinguished himself at the battle of Monmouth
Court House, and towards the close of 1778 he was appointed
major-commandant of a body of loyalist Scotchmen in the States, enrolled
as the Caledonian volunteers. Cathcart added to it a company of
volunteer cavalry, and as the British legion it did good service at the
outposts. On 10 April 1779 he married Elizabeth, second daughter of
Andrew Elliot of Greenwells, co. Roxburgh, the lieutenant-governor of
the state of New York, and uncle of Sir Gilbert Elliot, first earl of
Minto. On 13 April 1779 he was promoted major into the 38th regiment,
and shortly after was made a local lieutenant-colonel, and appointed to
act as quartermaster-general to the forces in America until the arrival
of General Dalrymple. He then reverted to the command of the British
legion, and sailed with it to Savannah in December 1779, and commanded
it at the siege of Charleston. His health, however, broke down, and he
returned to New York in April 1780, when he was ordered to choose
between his regimental and his local command. He preferred the former,
and after resigning the British legion to Colonel Banastre Tarleton,
afterwards M.P. for Liverpool, joined the 38th in Long Island. He
commanded it with marked ability in the actions at Springfield and
Elizabeth Town in June 1780; but in October 1780, as his health had
entirely broken down, he resolved to return to England.
He received a most cordial welcome from the king, and in February 1781
was promoted to a captaincy and lieutenant-colonelcy in the Coldstream
guards. On 10 Jan. 1788 he was elected a representative peer for
Scotland, and in October 1789 he exchanged his company in the
Coldstreams with Lord Henry Fitzgerald for the lieutenant-colonelcy of
the 29th regiment, of which his friend and comrade in the American war,
the Earl of Harrington, had just been appointed colonel. That regiment
was then stationed at Windsor, and the king took the keenest interest in
the improvements which the new commanding officers introduced into its
discipline. In November 1790 Cathcart was promoted colonel by brevet,
and in December 1792, when the Earl of Harrington was promoted to the
colonelcy of the 2nd life guards, his lieutenant-colonel received the
colonelcy of the 29th. In 1790, when he had only sat in the House of
Lords for two years, he was elected chairman of committees in that
house. In November 1793 he was made a brigadier-general, and appointed
to command a brigade in the army which was assembling under the command
of the Earl of Moira at Portsmouth. After the failure of the Quiberon
expedition Lord Moira's army was at last ordered to reinforce the Duke
of York in the Netherlands; and when Moira returned to England Cathcart,
who had been promoted major-general on 3 Oct. 1794, remained with the
army in command of the first brigade of the division of General David
Dundas, consisting of the 14th, 27th, and 28th regiments. At the head of
his brigade he distinguished himself at the battle of Bommel, and
throughout the winter retreat. At the battle of Buren, on 8 Jan. 1795,
Cathcart established his reputation by suddenly turning upon the
advancing enemy, and utterly defeating them with his single brigade,
taking one gun and several prisoners. When the remnant of the British
infantry embarked at Bremen in May 1795 Cathcart remained in command of
a few squadrons of English and Hanoverian cavalry, which finally left
Germany in December 1795. He was received with the greatest favour by
the king. He was made vice-admiral of Scotland in 1795, appointed
colonel of the 2nd life guards, and gold stick in the place of Lord
Amherst in August 1797, sworn of the privy council on 28 Sept. 1798, and
promoted lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1801, and Lady Cathcart was made a
lady in waiting to the queen.
He received the command of the home district in 1802, and from 1803 to
1805 acted as commander-in-chief in Ireland; but in the latter year was
recalled by Pitt, acting on the strong advice of Castlereagh, made
lord-lieutenant of the county of Clackmannan and a knight of the
Thistle, and nominated ambassador at St. Petersburg. The news then
arrived that Napoleon had broken up the camp at Boulogne, and was
marching across Germany. Pitt at once equipped a powerful army, and sent
it across to Hanover under his command to make a diversion in favour of
Austria. But Cathcart made no attempt to attack the flank of the French;
he established his headquarters at Bremen, fought a little battle at
Munkaiser, and peacefully waited for news. After the death of Pitt the
ministry recalled Cathcart's army from Germany, and he was appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in Scotland, but in May 1807 he was
suddenly summoned to London by Lord Castlereagh, and appointed to
command an army in the Baltic. Cathcart had merely the easy duty of
bombarding an almost defenceless town when in command of an irresistible
army, and on 6 Sept. Copenhagen surrendered. Cathcart was on 3 Nov. 1807
created Viscount Cathcart of Cathcart and Baron Greenock of Greenock in
the peerage of the United Kingdom, and a sum estimated at 300,000l. of
prize money was divided between him and Admiral Gambier.
Cathcart again took up his command in Scotland, and was promoted general
on 1 Jan. 1812. In May 1813 Castlereagh, now the leader of Lord
Liverpool's cabinet, appointed him ambassador to the court of Russia,
and British military commissioner with the army of the czar. The success
of the campaigns of 1813 and 1814 is a matter of history, but the
immense labours of the three ambassadors to Russia, Austria, and Prussia
in maintaining military and diplomatic unity between the allies is
comparatively unknown, and buried in the archives of the foreign office
or in the Castlereagh Despatches. Cathcart had also to act as a military
adviser to the German and Russian generals, and maintain harmony between
them. When, therefore, in 1813 he received the order of St. Andrew, and
in 1814 that of St. George from the czar, aud was, on 16 July, created
Earl Cathcart, it was universally acknowledged that his services had
been of the greatest importance in the overthrow of Napoleon. After
receiving the rewards of his labours and the governorship of Hull,
Cathcart proceeded to St. Petersburg, where he resided as ambassador in
close communication with Castlereagh, until the suicide of the latter in
1821, when he at once resigned and returned to England. He continued to
take an interest in politics as a strong tory until the passing of the
Reform Bill, when he retired from political discussion and lived
peacefully at his seats in Scotland, Schaw Castle, co. Clackmannan, and
Gartside, near Glasgow, until his death at the latter on 16 June 1843,
in his eighty-eighth year.
[There is no good life of Lord Cathcart: the Memoirs published on his
death are very inferior, and for military details based on the Royal
Military Calendar; for his embassy, however, see the Castlereagh
Despatches, vols, ix-xii., and Sir A. Alison's Lives of Lord Castlereagh
and Sir Charles Stewart, 1862; see also Douglas and Wood's Peerage of
Scotland, i. 345-9.]
Correspondence
between Lady Gordon Cathcart and the Secretary for Scotland and the Lord
Advocate with reference to the occupation of Vatersay by squatters, and
proposed arrangements in that Island
Correspondence
of Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir George Cathcart, K.C.B., relative to
his military operations in Kaffraria, until the termination of the Kafir
war, and to his measures for the future maintenance of peace on that
frontier, and the protection and welfare of the people of South Africa
by Cathcart, George, Sir, 1794-1854
